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The Earth–Sun Relationship
Published in Matt Fajkus, Dason Whitsett, Architectural Science and the Sun, 2018
Magnetic declination is the angle at any location between magnetic north and true north. Magnetic declination varies considerably from place to place and also changes as the magnetic pole moves. Figure 2.8 shows contours of magnetic declination for North America in 2010 based on models from NOAA.4Table 2.4 lists the magnetic declination for some major cities worldwide. Positive magnetic declination indicates magnetic north is east of true north. If the magnetic declination is negative, magnetic north is west of true north. For compass readings to be useful, it is essential that they be adjusted for magnetic declination (Figure 2.9).
Construction technology for tropical regions
Published in Mike Riley, Alison Cotgrave, Michael Farragher, Building Design, Construction and Performance in Tropical Climates, 2017
Moreover, the importance of the results for the west facade is shown to be greater in the study. This is especially true for the thermal radiation factors as this correlates to the fact that the sun rises in the east and the building heats up in the day. In the afternoon the sun in the west has a greater influence on the building facade as it has the combined effect of a pre-heated building fabric (from the morning) and the irradiance of the sun from the post-noon direction (west).
A FLAC model for a large-diameter pipejacking pipe
Published in Christine Detournay, Roger Hart, FLAC and Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics, 2020
The West and East Profiles have significantly different soil properties and embankment elevations. The three major criteria for identification of these critical sections are the presence of an irrigation canal on the left-hand side (looking eastbound), the subsurface condition, and the position of the pipeline or manhole. Since the East Section represents a relatively short portion of pipeline; as a result, depth to the pipe inverts does not vary much within this section.
Experimental study of solar desalination performance due to water depths, flow rates and using heat recovery from disposed brine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
M. R. Assari, H. Basirat Tabrizi, M. Parvar, E. Esfandeh
Three adjustable reflectors are used under the solar still with the length and width of 800 and 350 mm, respectively. Figures 3 and 4 show the variation of the solar radiation on the glass surfaces and reflectors of the solar still for a sunny day in winter. In Figure 3, as the solar still was faced to south, the maximum solar radiation on the southern glass surface at 11:30 am was recorded 952 W/m2. The northern surface was shady and received less radiation. As the sun moves from east to west, eastern surfaces in the morning and western ones in the afternoon received higher amount of solar radiation. As shown in Figure 4, during the experiment, the reflector 2 received more solar radiation compared to reflectors 1 and 3. The maximum received radiation for reflectors 1 and 2 were 474 and 844 W/m2, respectively. It is noteworthy that reflector 3 shaded most of its surface during the experiment, for this reason, shows the least radiation compared to other reflectors. Solar still and reflectors can be rotated as designed. However, in the present study, the reflectors were used for gaining extra solar radiation and the solar still and reflectors were fixed to the south and did not use rotating option.
Optimisation and techno-economic assessment of parabolic trough collector system in Malaysia, China, and the United States
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Weng Pin Wong, Rashmi Walvekar, Mahesh Vaka, Mohammad Khalid
From Table 11(a,b), optimum parameters’ combinations were determined for different locations worldwide. The detailed results of the parametric analysis are presented in Figures (S4–S41) and Tables (S4-S22). The optimum combination of HTF and TES materials for different locations studied was highlighted in green in Tables (S4-S22). Regarding the tilt angle, United States’ optimum value is 10°, while other locations’ optimum values are 0° (horizontal orientation of parabolic troughs). In terms of the azimuth angle, Malaysia’s optimum values range from −1° to 3°. This has shown that the suitable direction of deploying the PTC system in Malaysia is facing the parabolic trough towards the south (0°) so that the parabolic trough can receive a large amount of solar irradiation and generate more energy. In China, the optimum azimuth angles for different locations vary from −39° to 70°. According to Figures 4 and 5, it can also be deduced that the latitude of the geographical locations greatly influences the optimum azimuth angle of the PTC system in China. The locations with close latitudes can have similar optimum azimuth angles. The parabolic troughs in Dunhuang, Datong and Urat (latitude around 40°) should face the direction between west and southwest. For Lhasa, the direction of the parabolic trough should be facing the direction of the south. According to the simulation result, the parabolic troughs in other locations in China (latitude around 37°) should be facing the direction between south and southeast so that PTC can generate the highest amount of energy. For the United States, the optimum azimuth angles in different locations were determined as 90° (facing to the west).
Employing surface tooling for thermal modulation
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2023
Eiman Graiz, Keith Van de Riet
Three additional annual solar radiation simulations for the panels in the vertical orientation were conducted to analyze the performance of the panels facing east, west, and north (Figure 9). In general, panels facing west received slightly higher solar radiation than the ones facing east. On the other hand, panels facing north received the lowest amount of radiation among all the orientations. For all orientations, the tested panels showed the same performance patterns as the south-facing but with less radiation and higher self-shaded areas.