Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Interior Finish-Out Components
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Vinyl flooring is a synthetic polymer that is durable, versatile, affordable, and water/moisture resistant. Vinyl, PVC, is readily decomposed at elevated temperatures, liberating hydrogen chloride. Indoor elevated temperatures may occur where there is extreme solar loading, where in-floor heating is installed under vinyl floor tiles, and where radiator heating is in close contact with vinyl floor tiles. In elevated temperatures, vinyl flooring is likely to off-gas hydrogen chloride. Yet, the elevated temperatures required for vinyl tiles to emit hydrogen chloride are not normal. Under most conditions, irritant/toxic off-gassing is not likely.
Methodology for exposure and health risk screening of phthalates potentially present in fabric face coverings
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Andrey Massarsky, Melinda T. Donnell, Natalie R. Binczewski, Kathy Chan, Dan Dinh, Jennifer L. Bare, Kenneth M. Unice
Meaningful contributions to human phthalates intake can vary from dietary intake for the higher molecular weight compounds to additional non-dietary sources including consumer products, dust, and indoor air for the lower molecular weight compounds (Fromme et al. 2007; Koch et al. 2012, 2013; Kueseng et al. 2007; Rudel et al. 2011; Shea and American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health, 2003; Wormuth et al. 2006). Indoor air sources include aerosols generated from polyvinyl chloride household products, such as vinyl flooring and shower curtains, and indoor deodorants (Adibi et al. 2003; Rudel et al. 2003). Our screening assessment suggests that face coverings are not expected to be an appreciable additional source of human phthalate exposure. For example, a European Food Safety Authority (EFSA et al. 2019) panel recently concluded that central tendency and 95th percentile DEHP dietary intakes were respectively 446-3,459 ng/kg-day and 902-6,148 ng/kg-day as compared to total (inhalation, indirect dermal and direct dermal) adult intake estimated in this study for face coverings of about 2 to 4 ng/kg-day. Wormuth et al. (2006) concluded that most exposure to the relatively low molecular weight DMP was via indoor air, with adult internal exposures generally between 100 to 1000 ng/kg-day as compared to our estimates for face coverings of approximately 1 ng/kg-day. In summary, based on the available data for textiles, face coverings should contribute less than an additional 1% to the background internal dose for the six phthalates we assessed including those lower (favoring airborne sources) and higher (favoring dietary sources) in molecular weight.