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Water Quality Improvement with a Solar Desalination Station
Published in Amina Omrane, Khalil Kassmi, Muhammad Wasim Akram, Ashish Khanna, Md Imtiaz Mostafiz, Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Renewable Energy-Based Projects, and Digitalization, 2020
N. El Moussaoui, I. Atmane, K. Kassmi, S. Alexopoulos, Z. Mahdi, K. Schwarzer, P. Schmitz, H. Chayeb, N. Bachiri
In the literature, the most common techniques are membrane distillation (Eleiwi and Laleg-Kirati 2017), reverse osmosis (Walschot et al. 2020), multi-effect distillation (Sayyaadi and Saffari 2010), flash desalination (Hosseini et al. 2011), vapor compression desalination (Aly and El-Figi 2003), and desalination by dehumidification (Bourouni et al. 2001; Lawal et al. 2020). These techniques are complex and expensive, and the maintenance and cost per cubic meter results in very expensive drinking water (Qiblawey and Banat 2008; Kaushal and Varun 2010). However, distillation equipment, operated by solar energy, is topical, since it requires only a simple mechanism and a low investment to meet the requirement of clean drinking water at low cost (Adhikari et al. 1995; Kaushal and Varun 2010; Schwarzer et al. 2011; Reddy et al. 2012; Tigrine et al. 2014; Feilizadeh et al. 2015; Yadav and Sudhakar 2015; Schwarzer and Bart 2016; Pouyfaucon and García-Rodríguez 2018). This type of solar system is widely adaptable to climatic conditions in countries with a high level of sunshine, particularly on the African continent.
Desalination
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater, 2017
Vapor compression desalination (considered a clean process) refers to a distillation process where the evaporation of saline water is obtained by the application of heat delivered by compressed vapor. In the process, the feed water is preheated in a heat exchanger by the product and reject streams from the process. The process uses a still that contains tubes. The water is then fed to the inside of the tubes, and the vapors are fed to the outside of the tubes to condense. The gases that do not condense are removed from the steam-condensation space by a vent pump or ejector. The mechanic pump or ejector is a requirement of this process and is necessary to increase the pressure of the vapor to cause condensation. The vapor compression process is not new; it has been used for produced water treatment, and commercially available products currently are marketed for this application. In terms of energy consumption and water recovery ratio, the vapor compression desalination process is more efficient than any other system in the market.
Statistical analysis and mathematical modeling of modified single slope solar still
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Osman Haitham, Madiouli Jamel, Shigidi Ihab
On the other hand, the use of indirect desalination systems include the non-membrane processes where heated feed water is evaporated by distillation units to produce water vapors which are then condensed to produce distillate that can be increased by introducing vacuum to the system. Such systems include; solar multi-stage flash desalination, solar multi-effect distillation, vapor compression desalination, and vacuum desalination systems. Whereas membrane processes includes solar-powered reverse osmosis desalination, solar-powered electrodialysis (ED), solar-powered membrane distillation (MD) and forward osmosis. All mentioned systems can be easily adopted to commercial use pending the development of long-life membrane to reduce maintenance and water production charges (Bagheri, Esfandiari, and Honarvar 2019; Bamasag et al. 2020)