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Urban and peri-urban agriculture
Published in Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz, Agroecology, 2023
Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz
If any single characteristic can define what a city is, it’s the concentrated use of space. The number of people per square kilometer (known as “urban density”) measures in the thousands for most cities; in Paris it is more than 20,000. The structures needed to house these numbers of people, even when they rise vertically from the ground, have enormous footprints. The roadways, sidewalks, stores, and other infrastructure that support the urban population take up even more space. What space is left for gardens and chicken coops?
A study on parametric design tool for residential buildings securing valid sunlight hours on the winter solstice
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2022
Ho-Jeong Kim, Woo-Seok Choi, Ji-Won Kim
The energy design of urban areas largely concerns solar and sunlight access for both buildings and outdoor spaces. Optimizing urban density is a key component of the strategy to maximize energy performance and sustainability (Cody 2017). Increasing urban density can potentially lower the consumption of resources and energy through transportation by reducing the overall distances traveled. Creating a urban and architectural design plan that satisfies a high-density development and sunlight access is a prerequisite for eco-friendly design (Erell, Pearlmutter, and Williamson 2011). To implement eco-friendly planning in a mild climate region, which faces distinct seasonal changes and a broad annual temperature range, maximizing hours of sunlight in the winter season is a precondition for reducing heating load, and it is necessary to block the excessive sunlight by sun shade in summer (Levy 2011).
Traffic congestion and its urban scale factors: Empirical evidence from American urban areas
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2022
Md. Mokhlesur Rahman, Pooya Najaf, Milton Gregory Fields, Jean-Claude Thill
Socioeconomics has a complex and mixed outcome (Figure 2) on congestion as its direct effect almost completely erases its indirect effect through non-auto mode share (use of public transportation and walking). Thus, car ownership and population growth mitigate congestion, while urban heterogeneity of the socioeconomic environment contributes to it. While higher urban density directly contributes to further congestion in urban areas, it also reduces congestion by enhancing travel by public transport and walking and discouraging travel by automobile (Table 11). The net results of this key component of urban form are a tempering effect on congestion. While community structures have no direct impact on congestion, they reduce congestion by enhancing highway infrastructure and providing adequate road network to avoid congestion on their way to destinations.