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Nuclear and Hydro Power
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742% U-238) and uranium-235 (0.7204% U-235). All U-based isotopes are radioactive, and pose serious health danger. They can be deadly upon exposure, when improperly handled.
The Other Energy Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742% U-238) and uranium-235 (0.7204% U-235). All U-based isotopes are radioactive, and pose serious health danger. They can be deadly upon exposure, when improperly handled.
Application of ICRP Biokinetic Models to Depleted Uranium
Published in Alexandra C. Miller, Depleted Uranium, 2006
When a person is irradiated with gamma rays from a source outside the body (external), the radiation dose is received only while the person is in the presence of the source. However, after radionuclides are inhaled or ingested they can remain in the body for some time, and continue to irradiate tissues. For how long this continues depends upon the route of intake, the chemical form, the turnover rates in tissues, and the radioactive half-lives of the radionuclides. The radioactive half-life of uranium-238 is 4500 million years and, as a heavy metal, it is retained in tissues such as bone for many years. When uranium-238 enters the body it may continue to irradiate tissues, albeit at a decreasing rate, over the rest of the person’s life. Thus, although the intake may occur over a short time — a few breaths or a meal — for long-lived radionuclides the person is committed to receiving a dose for a long time to come. The committed dose (equivalent or effective) is the dose that is expected to be received in a stated period after the intake, usually taken to be 50 years for workers or up to age 70 years for members of the public.
Radioactivity and dose assessment of naturally occurring radionuclides in terrestrial environments and foodstuffs: a review of Bahi district, Tanzania
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Dominic Parmena Sumary, Jofrey Raymond, Musa Chacha, Frimi Paul Banzi
The measurements and experimental methods used for uranium-238 and uranium-235 are predominantly detected by the use of 90 keV and 186 keV emissions, respectively from their daughter radionuclides, likewise, soluble uranium can be detected through fluorometric analysis of urine (Mettler and Upton 2008). The reported methods that used to measure terrestrial radioactivity concentrations were gamma ray spectrometry (44.7%) or through determination of chemical concentrations by using either ICP-MS (7.9%) or ICP-OES (5.3%). This information suggests that additional - research is necessary in order to produce more data that will serve as reliable and convincing proof of the levels of radioactivity concentrations.