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Machine Learning on Simulation Tools for Underwater Sensor Network
Published in Monika Mangla, Subhash K. Shinde, Vaishali Mehta, Nonita Sharma, Sachi Nandan Mohanty, Handbook of Research on Machine Learning, 2022
The maximum area on this planet is enclosed with water and a lot of activities are going on beneath the sea level. These activities result in Tsunami, Earthquake, and affect water animal lives also. These activities cater the application areas like underwater monitoring, assisted navigation, underwater sports, disaster management, military applications, etc. So, USNs are getting plenty of attention from the research community and becoming a prominent area of research. ML helps to manage the UWSN dynamic behavior by implementing different models and approximating the accuracy of results obtained. This area replaced the manual monitoring task. But still, due to the complex network, its real-time study is very hard. So, it’s better to first test the environment with the help of simulators. Nowadays, several underwater simulation tools are available, but the selection of a suitable tool is a significant task. In this chapter, the author’s presented an analysis of various underwater simulation tools with key features and coding parameters. This chapter also gives us a brief idea of using ML techniques for forecasting the behavior of our system. So, now research community can select the best model as per the requirement and availabilities.
Natural Disasters and Structural Survivability
Published in Vladimir Raizer, Isaac Elishakoff, Philosophies of Structural Safety and Reliability, 2022
Vladimir Raizer, Isaac Elishakoff
The term “disaster” is understood here as any environmental change endangering human lives and materially deteriorating living conditions. A considerable part of disasters comprises natural calamities. Disasters can originate both inside the Earth due to tectonic processes (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions) and near or on its surface due to atmospheric processes (floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornados, land and mud sliding, avalanches, karsts, ground heaves and settlements). In many cases successions of interdependent disasters are possible, including those occurring in different media (earthquake-tsunami, earthquake-landslide, and hurricane-flood, etc.). Analysis of conditions associated with the onset and the development of dangerous natural processes is the subject of both natural research and engineering study. The mechanisms of dangerous natural phenomena can be described by direct cause–effect relations. Predicting the type, time, and magnitude of an expected disaster, if feasible, can only be probabilistic. Therefore, using a probabilistic approach and a reliability theory appears to be the most efficient and the only practical tool for analyzing structures operating in areas where natural calamities can be expected.
Enhancing Smart Grid Resiliency
Published in Clark W. Gellings, Smart Grid Planning and Implementation, 2020
Utility restoration management practices include procedures and systems to shift from centralized to decentralized restoration management. These practices must be tailored to events of different magnitudes, and to differing types of disruption (wind, flood, tsunami, earthquake, and terrorist or cyber attacks etc.).
Tsunami flooding analysis graded-approach framework for tsunami probabilistic risk assessment
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2023
Naoto Kihara, Hideki Kaida, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Ayumi Nishi, Tatsuto Kimura, Naoki Fujii, Bumpei Fujioka, Shingo Oda, Yasuki Ohtori, Yoshinori Mihara
First, by adopting the logic-tree approach proposed by the JSCE [24], a PTHA was conducted. There were seven earthquake source zones: three multi-segment inter-plate earthquakes (KTC, JTC1, and JTC2), an intra-plate earthquake (JTNR), inter-plate earthquakes (JTT and JTN1), and a multi-segment tsunami earthquake (JTN2 + JTN3) (Figure 5). The logic tree was determined by following that of a PTHA at the Pacific coast near the Japan Trench shown in the JSCE [24]. Branch points were set for the interlocking of the inter-plate earthquakes, range of stress drops, and return periods, etc., to incorporate these epistemic uncertainties into the analysis. The location of large slip areas and the size of the earthquakes were determined by the probability models as aleatory uncertainties. There was an opinion that these uncertainties were epistemic and not aleatory. However, we treated these uncertainties as aleatory uncertainties, following the method of JSCE [24]. Furthermore, the probability distributions of the tsunami heights were used to incorporate the random variability of the differences between the predicted and real tsunami heights, which were modeled from the comparison between predicted and measured tsunami heights for past tsunamis.
Ensuring a prudent combination of risk insights and a defense-in-depth philosophy through a reinterpretation of hierarchical safety goals
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2023
If more probabilistic considerations for the tsunami were made, could we estimate the tsunami height along the coastline of Fukushima by the Great East Japan earthquake with a reasonable degree of certainty? If so, was the Fukushima accident preventable? When reflecting on the level of scientific understanding of tsunamis at that time, the answer should be NO, at least to the first question. After this earthquake, several seismologists reflected that they could not foresee it and acknowledged the limitations of seismology [45]. Two types of earthquakes exist that may generate large tsunamis near the Japan Trench located off the Pacific coast of East Japan. The first is interplate earthquakes, such as the cause of the Jyogan tsunami in 869, and the other is a tsunami earthquake, such as the Meiji-Sanriku tsunami in 1896 [46]. A few studies have revealed that the 2011 tsunami may be the result of a combination of these two types of earthquakes, although such simultaneous occurrence was not accounted for in previous assessments [39,47,48]. These narratives and findings from earthquake and tsunami expert communities indicate that our scientific knowledge is not sufficiently mature in regard to the generating mechanism of a mega tsunami and its return periods. Hence, it would be overly optimistic to say that we could have prevented this accident if we had simply adopted tsunami PRA and compared the results with the surrogates of safety goals.
Multi-hazard analysis and design of structures: status and research trends
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2023
Tathagata Roy, Vasant Matsagar
The subsequent sections now present the state-of-the-art and research needs, which are broadly classified into assessment techniques under independent and interacting, and cascading hazards. The independent and interacting multiple hazards are classified as earthquake-wind, earthquake-scour, earthquake-snow, rainstorm-surge, wind-wave, earthquake-corrosion-traffic, etc.; the cascading hazards are classified as blast-fire, earthquake-fire, earthquake-tsunami, earthquake main shock-after shock, earthquake-landslide, etc. Fundamentally, this state-of-the-art article is presented for providing relevant perceptions regarding the multi-hazard design in structural engineering to set multiple dimensions in assessing structures under the catastrophic effects of multiple hazards. A comprehensive study of ‘all hazard-associated concerns’ is beyond the scope of this paper, as understanding the complexities of hazard interaction and interrelation is a challenging job and needs proper redressal.