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Earthquake science and earthquake engineering
Published in Ömer Aydan, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2019
The Kumamoto earthquake on 16 April 2016 caused heavy damage to several tunnels in the vicinity of Tateno and Minami-Aso villages. Damage to the Tawarayama Roadway Tunnel and Aso Railway Tunnel and Minami-Aso Tunnel was publicized. The damage to Tawarayama Tunnel occurred at two locations (Figure 10.57). The first damage occurred approximately 50–60 m from the west portal of the tunnel, and the concrete lining was displaced by about 30 cm almost perpendicularly to the tunnel axis. The heaviest damage occurred for a length of 10 m about 1600 m from the west portal and about 460 m from the east portal. The angle between the relative movement and tunnel axis was about 20–30 degrees. At this location, the nonreinforced concrete lining collapsed for a length of about 5 m. Although the tunnel is located about 2 km away from the main fault, the tunnel was damaged by secondary faults associated with the transtension nature of the earthquake fault.
Tectonics and crustal stresses in Yatsushiro Sea and its relation to the causative faults of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes.
Published in Ömer Aydan, Takashi Ito, Takafumi Seiki, Katsumi Kamemura, Naoki Iwata, 2019 Rock Dynamics Summit, 2019
M. Yagi, I. Sakamoto, Ö. Aydan
The Kyushu area is characterized by east-west transpression accompanying the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate in the northwest direction and transtension of Beppu-Shimabara Graben in central Kyushu to the north and south. In Shikoku and Kyushu, Ikeda et al (2009) pointed out pull-apart basin formation by step-over along Median Tectonic Line Active Fault System (MTLAFS), and almost MTLAFS stress condition has a transpression sense.
Early Permian strike-slip basin formation and felsic volcanism in the Manning Group, southern New England Orogen, eastern Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2019
R. J. Manton, S. Buckman, A. P. Nutman
Deep-seated transverse faults within active orogens can accommodate hundreds of kilometres of movement between crustal blocks and can act as important conduits for hydrothermal and igneous activity (Acocella et al., 2011; Aydin, Schultz, & Campagna, 1990; Petford, Kerr, & Lister, 1993; Tibaldi, 1992; Wagner, Rosenberg, Handy, Möbus, & Albertz, 2006). Localised zones of transtension result in the development of strike-slip or pull-apart basins (Aydin & Nur, 1982; Barnes, Sutherland, & Delteil, 2005; Wood, Pettinga, Bannister, Lamarche, & McMorran, 1994). Strike-slip basins are characterised by poorly sorted conglomerates, gravels and diamictites infilling narrow, elongate, en echelon basins (Freund, 1971; Garfunkel & Ben-Avraham, 1996; Hempton & Dunne, 1984; Mayer, 1972; Paik, Huh, So, Lee, & Kim, 2007; Ryang, 2013). In places, igneous rocks are channelled along fault conduits and erupt into the basin and are intercalated with basin sediments (Mann, Hempton, Bradley, & Burke, 1983). These igneous units can provide important age constraints within rapidly filled and commonly unfossiliferous transtensional basins. Sedimentation in transverse basins is generally contemporaneous with ongoing strike-slip deformation. Prolonged movement along basin-bounding faults can result in: (1) basin ‘roll-over’ (Faccenna, Funiciello, Bruni, Mattei, & Sagnotti, 1994); (2) tilting of the basin sediments (Wood et al., 1994); and (3) contractional deformation (Barnes et al., 2005).