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Tunnels and tunneling in Turkey
Published in Xia-Ting Feng, Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017
Turkey is in a tectonically active region that experiences frequent destructive earthquakes. At a large scale, the tectonics of the region are controlled by the collision of the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. At a more detailed level, the tectonics become quite complicated. A large piece of continental crust almost the size of Turkey, called the Anatolian block, is being squeezed to the west. The block is bounded to the north by the North Anatolian Fault and to the south-east by the East Anatolian fault. The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is a major strike-slip fault zone in eastern Turkey. It forms the transform type tectonic boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the northward-moving Arabian Plate. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia which runs along the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate.
Tunnels and tunneling in Turkey
Published in Xia-Ting Feng, Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017
Turkey is in a tectonically active region that experiences frequent destructive earthquakes. At a large scale, the tectonics of the region are controlled by the collision of the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. At a more detailed level, the tectonics become quite complicated. A large piece of continental crust almost the size of Turkey, called the Anatolian block, is being squeezed to the west. The block is bounded to the north by the North Anatolian Fault and to the south-east by the East Anatolian fault. The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is a major strike-slip fault zone in eastern Turkey. It forms the transform type tectonic boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the northward-moving Arabian Plate. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia which runs along the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate.
Damage to building stock due to the 1999 Izmit earthquake
Published in Kosta Talaganov, Gunther Schmid, Computational Structural Dynamics, 2020
The scientists were not surprised by the occurrence and the intensity of the Izmit earthquake. The reason for this earthquake was the activation of part of the North Anatolian fault. This fault and the San Andreas one in California have similar characteristics and are the most studied faults in the world (Fig. 1). First of all, they have almost identical length of about 1100 km and the same mechanism of motion of the blocks, i.e. right lateral slip.
Azimuthal Path Variations of Regional Body Wave Attenuation via Coda-Source Normalized Method: An Example from Eastern Marmara (NW Turkey)
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
The most defined tectonic feature characterising the study area is the intercontinental right lateral North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), 1600 km in length and representing a border between the Anatolian plate and the Eurasian plate. According to Reilinger et al. (2006), along the NAFZ and with increasing values towards its western section, a mean annual slip rate of 20–25 mm was observed. This strike-slip character along the central and eastern parts of the NAFZ, turns into a transtensional system in NW Turkey, with the effect of the western Anatolian extensional regime controlled by the Hellenic slab roll-back (Şengör et al. 2005; 2016). This tectonically young setting contributes to the maintenance and development of the transtensional system’s progression toward the east. Due to pull-apart structures such as the younger (and as a result less-developed) Çınarcık basin, it progresses toward the east under the eastern end of the Marmara Sea (Karabulut et al. 2002; Le Pichon et al. 2001).
Seismic microzonation and building vulnerability assessment based on site characteristic and geotechnical parameters by use of Fuzzy-AHP model (a case study for Kermanshah city)
Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2019
Maryam Hassaninia, Rassoul Ajalloeian, Mohammad Reza Habibi
It is believed that the lack of earthquakes in the High Zagros and the concentration of surface hemispheres in the Zagros simple folded zone indicate that active deformation and seismicity have been transferred to the south from the High Zagros to the simply folded area (Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake Report 2018). Several strike-slip faults have been identified in Zagros, one of the most important of which is MRF. This fault has a Northwest–Southeast direction and forms the North–Eastern border of Zagros (Tchalenko and Braud 1974). Large earthquake on this fault (such as earthquakes of 7.4 in 1909 and 6.7 in 1957) led authors to consider MRF and the North Anatolian fault (NAF) as an almost continuous strike-slip zone on the Northern Arabian and Anatolian plate margins (Global Bank Project 2009). The Main Recent Zagros Fault can be traced as a series of linear and narrow faults from Iran–Turkey border at 37° North latitude to more than 800 km South-East. It is an important seismic structure that includes several parts such as Dorud, Nahavand, Garrun Morvarid, Sahneh and Piranshahr faults with different levels of seismicity (Shabani and Mirzaie 2007). A newer activity is concentrated along the Main Recent Fault on the parts of Dorud, Sahneh and Nahavand, while the Morvarid and Piranshahr parts show relative quiescence seismicity to the North. Interestingly, parts of the MRF, which are striking (i.e. Doroud, Nahavand, Sahneh and Dinavar), produce more seismic activity than other parts of the MRF (i.e. Sartakht, Morvarid, Marivan, and Piranshahr) (Global Bank Project 2009) (Figure 1).
Review of Seismic Risk Mitigation Policies in Earthquake-Prone Countries: Lessons for Earthquake Resilience in the United States
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Yating Zhang, Juan F. Fung, Katherine J. Johnson, Siamak Sattar
Turkey is located in a seismically active area where the Eurasian Plate collides frequently with the African and Arabian Plates. Two major fault lines, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault, pass through the country. In the last century, Turkey endured 111 earthquakes with a magnitude of 5 or more, and 55 earthquakes of a magnitude greater than 6.8 occurred between 1932 and 1999 (Gurenko et al. 2006). The 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake (M 7.4) led to 17,000 fatalities and 44,000 injuries and caused the collapse of approximately 20,000 buildings (Gurenko et al. 2006). The 2011 Van Earthquake (M 7.2) resulted in 600 deaths and an economic loss of almost $2 billion (Gunes 2015).