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Stress and the Environment: The Impact of the Motor Vehicle
Published in J. Rose, Human Stress and the Environment, 2021
Some of the negative impact and stress from motor vehicles is removed by improved planning to make local environments safer. Traffic calming is such a practice—already popular in Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and now in France. Traffic calming involves the introduction of engineering measures such as road humps, chicanes and street furniture as a means of slowing down traffic. These are usually combined with legal measures to give pedestrians priority over motor vehicles.
Statistical Inference II
Published in Simon Washington, Matthew Karlaftis, Fred Mannering, Panagiotis Anastasopoulos, Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis, 2020
Simon Washington, Matthew Karlaftis, Fred Mannering, Panagiotis Anastasopoulos
Scientific decisions should be based on sound analyses and accurate information. This chapter provides the theory and interpretation of confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, and population comparisons, which are statistical constructs (tools) used to ask and answer questions about the transportation phenomena under study. Despite their enormous utility, confidence intervals are often ignored in transportation practice, and hypothesis tests and population comparisons are frequently misused and misinterpreted. The techniques discussed in this chapter are used to formulate, test, and make informed decisions regarding a large number of hypotheses. Questions such as the following serve as examples. Does crash occurrence at a particular intersection support the notion that it is a hazardous location? Do traffic-calming measures reduce traffic speeds? Does route guidance information implemented via a variable message sign system successfully divert motorists from congested areas? Did the deregulation of the air-transport market increase the market share for business travel? Does altering the levels of operating subsidies to transit systems change their operating performance? To address these, and similar types of questions, transportation researchers and professionals can apply the techniques presented in this chapter.
Transportation impacts modeling
Published in Zongzhi Li, Transportation Asset Management, 2018
Traffic calming measures are engineering and traffic management approaches used to reduce vehicle speed and enhance the safety of motorists, pedestrians, and cyclists. Common traffic calming measures can be categorized into four types: vertical deflections (e.g., speed hump, speed table, and raised intersection), horizontal shifts (e.g., chicane, neighborhood traffic circle), closures, and roadway narrowing. This section will introduce the cost of chicanes, curb extensions (neckdowns/bulb-outs), closure, crossing islands, raised intersections, and so on.
Statistical analysis of geometric characteristics and speed reductions for raised pedestrian crosswalks (RPC)
Published in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 2020
Amir Mohammadipour, Alireza Mohammadipour, Seyed Hafez Alavi
A subcommittee of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) defined traffic calming as “the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behavior and improve conditions for non-motorized street users” (Lockwood, 1997, p. 22). Other organizations incorporated educational and enforcement interventions in their definitions of the term as well. There have been many studies on traffic-calming devices, their influences on speed reduction in residential areas, and also vehicles’ speed assessment and management (Zaidel, Hakkert, & Pistiner, 1992; Huang & Cynecki, 2000; Cottrell, Kim, Martin, & Perrin, 2006; Dinh & Kubota, 2013; Antic, Pesic, Vujanic, & Lipovac, 2013; Lee, Joo, Oh, & Choi, 2013; Islam, El-Basyouny, & Ibrahim, 2014; Zainuddin, Adnan, & Md Diah, 2014). Obtaining speed data by using a laser gun meter detector to attain the spot speed data at the selected speed-hump location, Zainuddin et al. (2014), for instance, studied the relationship between the 85th-percentile speed reduction and discomfort level to the geometric design of the speed hump. Antic et al. (2013) concluded that the implementation of traffic-calming measures, such as speed bumps, significantly contributes to the safety of pedestrians by reducing the speed of vehicles especially at locations where larger pedestrian presence is expected.
The growing gap in pedestrian and cyclist fatality rates between the United States and the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands, 1990–2018
Published in Transport Reviews, 2021
Several studies have specifically focused on the safety impacts of traffic-calming neighbourhoods at 30 km/h (Bunn et al., 2003, 2009; Elvik, 2001; Ewing & Edwards, 2009; Hass-Klau, 2015; Inada, Tomio, Nakahara, & Ichakawa, 2020; Jiao, Kim, Hagen, & Muennig, 2019; Li & Graham, 2016; NCCHPP, 2011; Tefft, 2013). The overwhelming consensus of these studies is that traffic-calming reduces speeds and volumes of motorised traffic, discourages through traffic, reduces pedestrian and cyclist injuries, and reduces air pollution and noise. The largest reduction in injury rates is among children who are walking, cycling, or playing on their neighbourhood streets.
Safety of motorized two-wheeler riders in the formal and informal transport sector
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2020
Maria Isabel Gutierrez, Dinesh Mohan
Traffic calming measures reduce the velocity of motor vehicles and include speed bumps, curb extensions, chicanes, roundabouts, and the provision of separated pavements and bicycle lanes to reduce exposure to motor vehicles (Hyden, 2016; Pollack et al., 2012). However, many traffic calming measures like road narrowing, chicanes, ill-designed roundabouts and neck-downs may not always slow down MTW especially in nonpeak hours, while vertical measures like speed bumps and rumble strips have been found to be successful. Evaluations of these measures need to be done in countries with high MTW use.