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Terrestrial and Lunar Magmatism: An Evolutionary Overview
Published in O.A. Bogatikov, R.F. Fursenko, G.V. Lazareva, E.A. Miloradovskaya, A. Ya, R.E. Sorkina, Magmatism and Geodynamics Terrestrial Magmatism Throughout the Earth’s History, 2020
E.V. Sharkov, O.A. Bogatikov, V.I. Kovalenko
It is known that the Mesozoic essentially saw the break-up of these continents, and their separation by newly formed zones of oceanic spreading into a series of fragments. Some of them moved northwards, leading to the closure of the Tethyan Ocean at the end of the Cretaceous/beginning of the Palaegene and the formation of a massive collision zone — the Alpine–Himalayan Belt and the new supercontinent of Eurasia. However, the fragments that are moving apart have remained within the contours delineated by zones of active plate interaction. Nowadays these structures are easily reconstructed from the presence of andesite–latite volcanic arcs.
Marine depositional signatures of the Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Events in the Eastern Tethys, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2022
S. Khan, D. Kroon, B. Wadood, S. Ahmad, X. Zhou
The stratigraphy of the area ranges from Jurassic to early Albian (Figure 3c; Shah, 2009). The Jurassic strata comprise a monotonous sequence of shallow marine carbonates, marls, and shale (Anwar, 1991) that are overlain by pro-delta mud and turbidites of the Sembar Formation, deposited in a dysoxic–anoxic shallow to deep basin during the Neocomian (Ahmad et al.,2019; Imtiaz et al.,2017; Raza & Bender, 1995). The Sembar Formation is overlain by a thick succession of Aptian to Maastrichtian pelagic to hemipelagic strata of the Parh Formation (Khan, 2013). The Parh Formation is conformably overlain by a thick marl and turbidite sequence of the Mughal Kot Formation deposited in a deep marine environment during the Maastrichtian (Khan et al.,2017; Wadood et al.,2019). The deep marine turbidite sequence was followed by thick deltaic sandstone facies of the Pab Formation deposited during a sea-level lowstand in the latest Maastrichtian (Umar et al.,2011). The delta drowned during the Paleocene whereby the Pab sequence is overlain by shallow marine carbonates of the Dungan Formation (Ahmad et al.,2020). An expanded succession of Eocene marine carbonates, marl and shale overlies the Dungan Formation (Shah, 2009). The Oligocene Chitarwata Formation was deposited in transitional marine setting during a regressive episode (Métais et al.,2009). The last remnants of the Tethys Ocean are bounded by the foreland strata of the Siwaliks deposited during the Miocene to Pliocene (Wadood et al.,2021).