China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
A general term used for material carried by running water or wind is load. Thus, material moved by runoff is called the runoff load. Runoff and its load may only travel a short distance, but if the runoff reaches a stream, the water adds to stream flow, and the runoff load is deposited on the stream’s bottom or is added to the stream load and carried downstream.
Multi-site watershed model calibration for evaluating best management practice effectiveness in reducing fecal pollution
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
J. Sebastian Hernandez-Suarez, Sean A. Woznicki, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi
To determine the septic system cost, the subwatersheds and the number of septic systems they contain in each load reduction scenario (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were identified. Septic system repair cost was estimated to be $10,000 per system by the Macomb County Health Department (L. Pobanz, personal communication, 2013). The failing septic system value was multiplied by the percent human contribution. Finally, the percent reduction (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) was multiplied by the number of failing septic systems to determine the number of septic systems repaired in each scenario. The number of septic systems was multiplied by the cost to determine the cost to achieve TMDL targets for each location (EBC1 through EBC9). We did not consider a cost associated with the possibility of requiring wildlife management in relation to the stream load.
Contrasting long-term trends of chloride levels in remote and human-disturbed lakes in south-central Ontario, Canada
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2020
Huaxia Yao, Andrew M. Paterson, April L. James, Christopher McConnell, Timothy Field, Ron Ingram, Dejian Zhang, Shelley E. Arnott, Scott N. Higgins
The 3 primary sources of loading (stream load, direct atmospheric deposition, and shoreline load) were used to explain long-term trends of Cl within the study lakes. The stream load reflects Cl inputs in gauged subwatersheds, and may include inputs associated with human activities. Deposition reflects atmospheric inputs of particulate and dissolved Cl, and the shoreline load includes both natural weathering inputs and inputs of Cl related to the application of road salts and residential activities (e.g., deicing of driveways and walkways) that occur mainly in the ungauged drainage areas for our studied lakes. For each lake, the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) was calculated to assess relationships between annual mean lake Cl concentration and the 3 dominant contributing sources (annual stream load, annual deposition, annual shoreline load).