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pFMEA Manufacturing Procedure
Published in Sam A. Hout, Manufacturing of Quality Oral Drug Products, 2022
Materials such as paper and cardboard which shed particulates should be avoided. Wooden items (such as wooden pallets) which absorb and harbor microbial risk due to their porous properties shall not be permitted in the classified areas. Consideration shall be given to floors, ceilings, and walls relative to be able to be maintained in a “Dry” state. These include but not limited to coving, material of construction, clean-ability, and resistance to agents used for maintaining their use. Procedures should be developed and routinely monitored for spillage response. These procedures should be aligned with the type and magnitude of the spillage to ensure removal to mitigate the risk of contamination/microbial transfer. All classified areas air quality shall be qualified and maintained. Transitions through areas of different classifications shall be controlled to maintain the designated air classification for the activity occurring in the room into the transition area lands. For newly constructed or significantly redesigned facilities and equipment, consideration should be given to the ability for maintenance and/or repairs performed outside the critical areas – outside of Grade A/ISO 5 and Grade B/ISO 7 areas.
Health and safety in electrical installation
Published in Peter Roberts, Electrical Installation Work, 2017
All floors should, therefore, be regularly cleaned and warning signs should be erected in order to alert personnel of any uneven surfaces. Some workplaces even have a spillage plan to ensure that when large amounts of fluid such as petrol, oils and lubricants are involved they are dealt with through a proper process without incurring further injury or incident.
Effect of crude oil exploration and exploitation activities on soil, water and air in a Nigerian community
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Ehizonomhen S. Okonofua, Eguakhide Atikpo, Kayode H. Lasisi, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Temitope E. Idowu
The environment is made up of several components and the major part of which include land (or soil), water and air. Their synergism makes the existence of humans and other living creatures comfortable [26,27]. But, advancement in science and technology through various activities such as mining, refining, manufacturing and so on, have greatly contributed to serious environmental pollution of these three major components – land, water and air. Globally, the most significant source of pollution from the oil and gas industry usually result from oil spillage [25,28–31]. In Nigeria with emphasis on the Niger Delta region, there have been oil spills resulting in soil contamination due to poor operation and management practices [32–34]. Since oil discovery, it is reported that about 13 million tonnes of hydrocarbons are spilled caused largely by pipeline vandalism, destructive crude oil theft, operational spills and engineering failure (such as pipeline rupture), and uncivilized refining conditions [4,35–39]. All these causes of spillage have resulted in significant degradation to the environment through the soil, water and air pollution.
Solvent-free acetylation of Ensete ventricosum plant fibre to enhance oleophilicity
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Mangesh D. Teli, Jelalu M. Terega
Oil is one of the most important sources of energy worldwide and it will remain as a crucial source of raw materials for the chemical industry (Teli & Valia, 2013a, 2013b). Oil spillage occurs when crude oil or refined oil products are released into water bodies (oceans, seas, lakes etc.) or on land surfaces during production, transportation, storage and/or usage. This happens mainly due to the breakage of ship/tankers, leakage of oil pipes and equipment, drilling activities, wars, operation failures, accidents and natural disasters. When oil is spilled into a marine environment, it is subject to several processes including spreading, drifting, evaporation, dissolution, photolysis, biodegradation and formation of water–oil emulsions. Viscous oils spread more slowly than less viscous ones and therefore, water temperature, along with wind speed and sea conditions have intense effects on the extent of oil spreading (Annunciado et al., 2005). The oil spillage into water bodies or on land surfaces poses a major damage to the aquatic and terrestrial lives (flora, fauna and mankind) and to the natural environment (Chol & Cloud, 1992; ITOPF, 2011; Teli et al., 2016).
Evaluation of strength properties of oil-contaminated sands upon stabilisation with laterite soil
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Reda A. Abdelhalim, Mohamad R. Selamat, Harris Ramli
Oil spillage can occur due to accident, natural or manmade disaster, or conflict where the amounts of contaminant and soil involved can be substantial. Leakage in pipelines, damage to petroleum wells, or aging of sub-surface structures has often occurred in the fields that led to the grounds being contaminated. Patel (2011) stated that about 25% of crude oil production in the United States of America was spilling and contaminating the soils surrounding the facilities. About 600–700 oil wells were damaged during the Gulf War of 1991 causing massive ground contaminations while 290 million gallons of oil were estimated to have spilled into the Kuwaiti desert and the Persian Gulf, affecting the Kuwaiti and Saudi Arabian coastline for 700 km long (Al-Sanad et al. 1995; Al-Duwaisan and Al-Naseem 2011). Between early 1970s and middle 2010s, at least 80 oil-related accidents have occurred in Indian waters, affecting the adjacent coastal areas (Sukhadane et al. 2013). The January 28th, 2017 tankers collision off Chennai coast released 90000 liters of heavy oil into the Bay of Bengal, contaminating the adjacent shoreline for 50 km long (Han et al. 2018). In Africa’s Niger Delta, due to coastal erosions and problems with old pipelines and storage tanks, some 1.5 million tons of crude oil have leaked over several decades, resulting in the contamination of the grounds of delta’s marine ecosystem (Kadafa 2012).