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Latest trends in seismic protection
Published in Airong Chen, Xin Ruan, Dan M. Frangopol, Life-Cycle Civil Engineering: Innovation, Theory and Practice, 2021
The structural damage can be reduced by minimizing the demand on lateral load-resisting system either through (a) dissipating the seismic input energy by supplemental energy dissipation devices or (b) uncoupling the structure from the ground shaking by seismic isolation. Therefore, minimizing the damage at structural and non-structural elements even under high levels of seismic intensity become a design objective in modern earthquake engineering. Such high performance structures require the need for innovative technologies and solutions achievable at reasonable costs. This innovative technology can also be applied to the existing structures as well.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
In general, seismic intensity is a metric of the effect, or the strength, of an earthquake hazard at a specific location. In the U.S., the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (TABLE 27.1) is commonly employed, while other scales (MSK, EMS, JMA, etc.) are employed in other countries. It is difficult to find a reliable relationship between magnitude, which is a description of the earthquake’s total energy level, and intensity, which is a subjective description of the level of shaking of the earthquake at specific sites, because shaking severity can vary with building type, design and construction practices, soil type and distance from the event.
Improved Vulnerability Index Methodology to Quantify Seismic Risk and Loss Assessment in Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Moustafa Moufid Kassem, Fadzli Mohamed Nazri, Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi, Baki Ozturk
On the other hand, after categorizing the mean damage grades that are related to the school building, it is important to know the possibility of achieving or exceeding the damage state for each seismic intensity by referring to Figs. 27 and 28. In addition, the possibility of exceeding the damage states is increased with the increase in the seismic intensity. As can be seen, the analyzed school building for moderate seismic event can be slightly damaged and affected by seismic intensity VII with a possibility of 33.57% in the mean grade (D1). Nevertheless, at seismic intensity VIII the possibilities to reach mean damage grades of (D2), (D3) and (D4) are 33.05%, 28.87%, and 12.61%, respectively, where the majority of vulnerabilities is pointed to be moderate for the structural elements and heavy for the non-structural elements. Moreover, for the strong seismic events, the possibility of damages would increase to reach the destructive level (D5) by 52.40% and 99.14% when it is subjected to IX and XI seismic intensities. This means that a structural element is significantly damaged and is near to be totally collapsed and demolished. Table 24 summarizes the mean damage grade level according to the possibilities of damage.
Disease and injury trends among evacuees in a shelter located at the epicenter of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, Japan
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2018
Takashi Yorifuji, Takushi Sato, Toru Yoneda, Yoshiomi Kishida, Sumie Yamamoto, Taro Sakai, Hiroshi Sashiyama, Shuko Takahashi, Hayato Orui, Daisuke Kato, Taro Hasegawa, Yoshihiro Suzuki, Maki Okamoto, Hideki Hayashi, Shigeru Suganami
At 9:26 pm on April 14, 2016, a magnitude-6.5 foreshock struck the Kumamoto region of southwest Japan. It was followed by the magnitude-7.3 main shock at 1:25 am on April 16 (28 hours later). Thereafter, residents experienced many aftershocks (Figure 1). That was the first recorded incidence in Japan of 2 earthquakes having a Japanese Meteorological Agency seismic intensity of 7 (the maximum) within the same series of tremors. (Seismic intensity describes the scale of the ground motion at a particular location.) That series of inland tremors was designated the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. As of November 2016, the disaster resulted in 145 deaths (both directly and indirectly related), over 2,500 serious injuries, and more than 170,000 badly damaged buildings.11 At one point, over 180,000 people had to be evacuated,12 and residents were forced to spend extended periods as evacuees because of ongoing aftershocks (Figure 1). Even 1 month after the main shock, more than 10,000 people remained evacuees.12
A Hybrid Force/Displacement Seismic Design Method for Reinforced Concrete Infilled-MRFs and Wall-Frame Dual Systems
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Chao Pian, Edmond V. Muho, Jiang Qian, Dimitri E. Beskos
In recent years, the philosophy of performance-based design (PBD) has emerged to provide a general framework for seismic design methods (Bozorgnia and Bertero 2004; SEAOC 1995). Thus, seismic design involves a number of performance levels (usually at least three) defined by pairs of seismic intensity and corresponding deformation/damage objectives. Even though the FBD method of Eurocode 8 (EC8) (2004) acknowledges the PBD philosophy, it includes only two performance levels in an approximate manner.