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Estimating human casualties in earthquakes: The case of Wellington
Published in Edmund Booth, Seismic Design Practice into the Next Century, 1998
R.J.S. Spence, A. Pomonis, D.J. Dowrick, W.J. Cousins
The starting point for the casualty estimation is an isoseismal map of the scenario earthquake. The map, Figure 2, shows the Wellington fault and the isoseismal location for the assumed Mw = 7.5 earthquake. The earthquake is located on the Wellington-Kaitoke section of the fault, and the assumed macroseismic distribution, provided by GNS, was derived using an unpublished upgrade of the attenuation model of Dowrick (1992).
The Earth: Surface, Structure and Age
Published in F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas, A Geology for Engineers, 2017
F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas
The observed intensity at points in the area affected can be marked on a map, and lines of equal intensity (isoseismal lines) then drawn to enclose those points where damage of a certain degree is done giving an isoseismal map.
Reconstruction of liquefaction damage scenario in Northern Bihar during 1934 and 1988 earthquake using geospatial methods
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2022
Abhishek Rawat, Dheeraj Kumar, R. S. Chatterjee, Harsh Kumar
Model A requires as inputs, the peak ground velocity (PGV), groundwater, shear wave, precipitation, and distance to the river are all taken into consideration. The IDW tool in ArcGIS 10.5 was used to interpolate the groundwater data, which were obtained from the Central Ground Water Board’s online portal. Globally from 1970 to 2000, average precipitation data were accessed at http://WorldClim.org (Fick and Hijmans 2017). Shear wave data were obtained from the USGS portal. Distance to river extracted from the SRTM DEM 30-m resolution using the hydrology tools in ArcGIS 10.5. Since there was no PGV available for either earthquake, the ground motion parameters were retrieved using the isoseismal map provided in Mukarjee and Lavania (1998) and Kayal (2010).
Time-Variant Seismic Risk Analysis of Transportation Networks Considering Economic and Socioeconomic Impacts
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2020
Mohammad Reza Yazdi-Samadi, Mojtaba Mahsuli
Conducting the regression analysis requires observations of bridges damaged in past earthquakes. In a comprehensive effort in this study, a database is compiled for 282 bridges that were subjected to 1994 Northridge earthquake in California. For each bridge, 34 entries are collected from various sources. These entries include the extent of the damage incurred by each bridge, the structural characteristics of the bridge, and the intensity of the seismic event at the location of the bridge, which are summarized in Table 3 and explained in the following. First, damage ratios of the damaged bridges are estimated according to the qualitative description of the damage reported in a Caltrans Post-Earthquake Investigation Team report [California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), 1994]. These descriptions are translated into five damage states in accordance with the qualitative definitions suggested by FEMA-NIBS [2003]. The latter document suggests five damage states of none, slight, moderate, extensive, and complete and correlates them to damage ratios of 0, 3%, 8%, 25%, and 100%, respectively. Next, geometrical and structural characteristics of the bridges are extracted from the National Bridge Inventory [FHWA, 1994], Google Maps®, and Yashinsky [1998]. Table 3 tabulates the characteristics that are collected for each bridge, e.g., the skew angle, year built, and structural type. Detailed definition of these items is available in Weseman [1995]. Finally, to determine the PGA at the location of each bridge, the location of bridges is overlaid on the USGS isoseismal map of the Northridge earthquake [USGS, 1999].
Developing a customized system for generating near real time ground motion ShakeMap of Iran’s earthquakes
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Erfan Firuzi, Anooshirvan Ansari, Kambod Amini Hosseini, Ehsan karkooti
The intensity map of the earthquake based on the calibrated ShakeMap V4.0 is presented in Fig. 13. As shown, the highest MMI felt near the epicenter with value near VIII. The isoseismal map of the earthquake according to the study of Zare et al. (2017) which is developed based on a field investigation is also superimposed in Fig. 13. As illustrated, there is a general consistency between the two maps. In both maps, the highest intensity is about VIII with northeast to southwest direction. This agreement indicates that the calibrated ShakeMap V4.0 can be used to provide an initial estimation of ground motion shaking map in the aftermath of an earthquake in Iran.