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Setting the Stage
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Surviving an OSHA Audit, 2020
secondary containment: A method using two containment systems so that if the first is breached, the second will contain all the fluid in the first. For USTs, secondary containment consists of either a double-walled tank or a liner system.
Solid Waste, Hazardous Materials, and Hazardous Waste Management
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
Describe and evaluate spill prevention or overfill equipment as well as secondary containment systems which must contain 100% of all waste materials in tanks, pipes, and equipment and has its own leak detection system and alarms.
Effects of cadmium-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and Funneliformis mosseae on the cadmium tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Yuanyuan Li, Jiahui Zeng, Shizhong Wang, Qingqi Lin, Dishen Ruan, Haochun Chi, Mengyuan Zheng, Yuanqing Chao, Rongliang Qiu, Yanhua Yang
Cadmium (Cd) is known to be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms when present at excessive levels in the environment. Based on a recent national soil pollution survey, 19.4% of the total Chinese farmland exceeded the regulatory limits for soil pollution, and Cd is one of the major pollutants (Ministry of Environmental Protection [MEP], Ministry of Land and Resources [MLR] of P.R. China 2014). Soil contaminated by Cd is a severe problem due to its inhibition of plant growth, reduction of the production and quality of crops, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification via the food chain. Several methods have been proposed to improve crop growth and minimize Cd accumulation, including the application of chemical amendments and/or the implementation of microbial promotion during crop growth (Kirkham 2006; Yang et al.2009). However, compared with microbial promotion, chemical amendments may influence soil fertility and structure and even cause a risk of secondary pollution (Kirkham 2006). Therefore, microorganisms, especially those beneficial to plant growth such as mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, are generally preferred.
Backward erosion piping through vertically layered soils
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2019
Kristine Vandenboer, Lies Dolphen, Adam Bezuijen
The grain size distributions of the eroded sand, which is collected from the formed crater, are compared with the distributions of the original sand in Figure 6. The sand grains which are eroded and transported by the pipe in the reference tests, are generally finer than the original distribution, similar as for suffusion (Bonelli & Marot, 2011). This means that although the original sand bed is quite homogeneous, the finer grains are more likely to be eroded and transported, whereas the larger grains form the contours of the pipe. The grain size distribution of the craters in case of the vertically layered sand is found to be between the distributions of the reference craters, thus indicating that both the coarser M32 sand grains and the finer M34 grains reach the crater. This means that the coarser M32 grains are not dropped in the finer M34 layer to be replaced by the more easily transportable M34 grains, but rather stay in suspension once they are eroded. This observation indicates that erosion at the pipe tip is more important for backward erosion progression than secondary erosion.
Towards integrated flood management along the lower Rhine and Mississippi Rivers and the international legacy of the 2005 New Orleans Hurricanes Katrina–Rita flood disaster
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2018
In the Netherlands, hydrologic and environmental problems with the ‘hard engineering’ approach to flood control came to a head in the early 1990s (Nienhuis 2008). Large flood events in 1993 and 1995 (recurrence intervals of 50 and 70 years) were barely contained by the dike system. The events exposed the vulnerability of the Delta Works system that had been internationally lauded as a great feat of engineering. The threat of the 1993 and 1995 flood events was placed in the context of global environmental change, and became the stimulus for a new major national plan in 1996 entitled ‘Room for the River’ (Middelkoop and Van Haselen 1999, Silva et al. 2001, Rijkswaterstaat 2009). The Room for the River plan is considered a model of ‘integrated flood management’. In addition to a variety of engineering options the plan includes non-structural strategies that integrate local stakeholders in decision-making processes to realize national management priorities (Van den Brink et al. 2014). Important physical changes in IFM include measures such as the movement of dikes away from the channel, lowering groynes, and the creation of side channels within the embanked floodplain to store flood waters to reduce downstream flood risk (Table 2). And a key secondary motivation is to restore the geodiversity and biodiversity of riparian wetlands.