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Petroleum Migration and Accumulation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
A salt dome is a structurally formed dome. The structural salt dome is formed when a compact salt (evaporite) rock intrudes vertically upward into surrounding strata by geological forces, forming a diapir salt dome. Evaporite minerals are impermeable and lead to the formation of petroleum stratigraphic trap. Salt rock is an underground solid mass of halite and anhydrite minerals. A salt dome is an example of diapir rock, which is a geological intrusion in which a rock containing more mobile, ductile and deformable material is forced into brittle overlaying rock. Subsurface salt rock has the tendency to change and intrude (rise) into overlaying sediments through weak areas of un-consolidated sediments. The necessary force for the intrusion of salt rock originates from the following three sources: The downward pressure exerted by the weight of overlaying sediments.Lateral pressure of tectonic movements.Up welling pressure of mobile hot magma below.
Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Heavy Crude Oil, Extra-Heavy Crude Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Crude oil reservoirs are generally classified according to their geologic structure and their production (drive) mechanism. Crude oil reservoirs exist in many different sizes and shapes of geologic structures. It is usually convenient to classify the reservoirs according to the conditions of their formation. For example, dome-shaped and anticline reservoirs are formed by the folding of the rock. Typically, the dome is circular in outline, and the anticline is long and narrow. Oil or gas moved or migrated upward through the porous strata where it was trapped by the sealing cap rock and the shape of the structure. On the other hand, faulted reservoirs are formed by shearing and offsetting of the strata (faulting). The movement of the nonporous rock opposite the porous formation containing the oil/gas creates the sealing. The tilt of the crude oil-bearing rock and the faulting trap the oil/gas in the reservoir. Salt-dome reservoirs take the shape of a dome, was formed due to the upward movement of a large, impermeable salt dome that deformed and lifted the overlying layers of rock.
Select Environmental Engineering Applications
Published in Theodore Louis, Behan Kelly, Introduction to Optimization for Environmental and Chemical Engineers, 2018
Gaseous feeds, products, and fuels may be shipped to and from a plant by pipeline, pressurized truck, or tank car, or in individual cylinders. Pipelines are by far the least expensive means of shipment of gases, though they have very high initial capital costs. Gases are the least practical materials to store at a plant site. They may be stored in large storage tanks or in trucks, tank cars, and individual cylinders. Underground, hollowed-out salt domes are sometimes used where very large amounts of storage are needed, such as for natural gas, ethane, and ethylene.
Petroleum that has migrated into an outcropping of the Jurassic Ayad Salt Dome of Shabwah depression, Yemen
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Mohammed Hail Hakimi, Abdulwahab S. Alaug, Gamal A. Alramisy, Abdulghani F. Ahmed
The area of interest of this study is Ayad Block-4, belonging to the Shabwah depression in the Sabatayn Basin (Figure 1A). The Shabwah depression is located in the central part of the Sabatayn Basin (Figure 1A). The Shabwah depression is one of the hydrocarbon exploration frontier areas where minimal oilfields are exported but the petroleum has not been studied in details geochemical methods. However, the presence of oil seeps migrated into outcropping rocks on Ayad-Block 4 of Shabwah depression (Ayad Salt Dome) has been known for several decades but the origin of petroleum has not been evaluated by modern geochemical methods. Hence, this paper presents organic geochemical observations on oil seeps in outcrop samples from Ayad Salt Dome in the Shabwah depression (Figure 1B). The main objectives of the current study were to: (1) characterize the oil seep and compositions; (2) describe the source organic matter input and estimate the thermal maturity of the source rock, and (3) to improve our understanding of the subsurface petroleum systems for regional exploration in the Shabwah depression and possibly also in other Sabatayn’s sub-basins.
The formation mechanism of irregular salt caverns during solution mining for natural gas storage
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Tianfu Xue, Chunhe Yang, Xilin Shi, Ma Hongling, Yinping Li, Xinbo Ge, Xin Liu
During the construction of salt caverns, pipe failures often occur, including bending, damage and falling off of the tubing string (Ge et al. 2019), as shown in Figure 9. During the 1980 s, 22 leaching tubing failures occurred in the Sorrento salt dome wells due to flow-induced tube vibration (Evans and Chadwick 2009). A falling salt block broke a tubing in the Jintan area. Bending deformation of tubings makes it difficult to pull them out of the wellbore, and most importantly, results in an irregular cavern shape. Damage of tubings changes the position of water inlet and brine outlet and even causes leakage of the blanket, which changes the dissolution range of a circulation stage, eventually resulting in irregular salt cavern shape.
Geological setting of the Moorowie Formation, lower Cambrian Hawker Group, Mt Chambers Gorge, eastern Flinders Ranges, South Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2020
T. J. Mount, J. B. Jago, N. R. Langsford, C. R. Dalgarno
Other, smaller, breccia lenses have been noted further along the slump horizon; one 20 mm thick, 4 m long and tapered at both ends. At this horizon, to the south in Section N (Figures 2–4), the limestones contain only a few well-rounded limestone cobbles (to 80 mm) as evidence for reworking by currents, or of transport from a shoreface. A thinning of Unit 6 by 75% from Sections P–D–C to E–S–Q–T (Figure 3) is not considered to be due to faulting but may record the loss of poorly consolidated section by catastrophic slumping on the sea floor. Penecontemporaneous faulting or the development of a peripheral sink (mini-basin) around an active salt dome may otherwise explain the thinning.