China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Integration of Geospatial Techniques in Environment Monitoring Systems
Published in Satya Prakash Maurya, Akhilesh Kumar Yadav, Ramesh Singh, Modeling and Simulation of Environmental Systems, 2023
S. Sreedevi, Rakesh Kumar Sinha, T. I. Eldho
For runoff simulation at river basin scale, a semi-distributed, hydrological model SWAT (version 2012) which is physically based and available as open source, interfaced with ArcGIS was used. Originally the SWAT model development was intended for simulations in river basins with no gauging stations (Arnold et al., 1998). SWAT model has been applied effectively to assess the land cover and climate change effects on runoff (Sinha et al., 2020b; Sinha and Eldho, 2021). The SWAT model calibration could be subjected to large calibration uncertainty from the measured or observed data. SWAT-Calibration and Uncertainty Program with Sequential and Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm is chosen because it’s simple and effective to use (Sinha and Eldho, 2018). SWAT model operates at the level of hydrological response units (HRUs), based on land use, soil, and slope uniqueness in the model. The soil conservation service (SCS) curve number (CN) method (USDA, 1972) considers input data on a daily scale based on the soil hydrological groups, antecedent soil moisture, and land cover characteristics (Arnold et al., 1998) and is used for computing surface runoff. The technical details of the SWAT model regarding surface runoff and sediment yields are described by Neitsch et al. (2011). Figure 14.3a shows the typical modeling procedure using SWAT, which is fully integrated with GIS.
Evaluating NOAA and PRISM Precipitation Data in Streamflow Generation Using HAWQS Model
Published in Surendra Kumar Chandniha, Anil Kumar Lohani, Gopal Krishan, Ajay Krishna Prabhakar, Advances in Hydrology and Climate Change, 2023
Vivek Verma, Manish Kumar Sinha, Triambak Baghel
The hydrologic and water quality system (HAWQS) is a web-based rainfall-runoff modeling system that produces a runoff in response to a rainfall event (Verma, 2017). At its core, it utilizes the widely accepted, public domain model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) as its modeling engine (Arnold et al., 2012). SWAT model is a continuous and physically based model which includes processes such as movement of water, sediments, nutrient cycle, crop growth, etc. (Abraham et al., 2007). The original purpose of the SWAT model is to predict numerous land management practices on a watershed scale. Management practices include chemical yields, water, agriculture, sediments, etc., which varies over time (Arnold et al., 2013).
Soil and Water Assessment Tool for Simulating the Sediment and Water Yield of Alpine Catchments
Published in Shruti Kanga, Suraj Kumar Singh, Gowhar Meraj, Majid Farooq, Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management, 2022
Ishfaq Gujree, Fan Zhang, Gowhar Meraj, Majid Farooq, Muhammad Muslim, Arfan Arshad
The SWAT model’s widespread use, both domestically and internationally, has proven a strong and complete hydrological model. However, current local and international studies on this model are primarily concerned with model applicability, model accuracy, and model coupling. Overall, research revealed that models could accurately predict hydrological processes in small to medium-sized watersheds under various climate, land, and forest management scenarios. These findings also revealed that the factors obtained from managing land, groundwater features, soil properties, or plant conditions had the most considerable impact on the hydrological process. Other research (Anand et al., 2018; Boru et al., 2019; Jnior and Montenegro, 2019; Terskii et al., 2019) have also discovered this feature. SWAT for severe applications was calibrated and validated using a time-continuous technique based on daily or monthly streamflow data, similar to other applications. The SWAT model is one of the most widely used hydrological models in environmental, ecological, and hydrological research worldwide. SWAT, a semidistributed physically based model, has seen a surge in hydro-climatic severe research during the last decade, notably after 2015. China and the United States have carried out half of these studies, with 52% of them taking place in river basins with a drainage area of 10,000 km2. From medium and large size basins, this illustrates the possibility for severe changes in hydrology. The calibration and validation of SWAT are carried out using daily, monthly, and annual streamflow data, with the first two techniques being used chiefly for dynamic simulations. Future research in SWAT could include bias correction of GCMs and regional climate projections, SWAT+ and SWAT development for extreme simulation studies in various arid/nonarid basins, and the integration of machine learning glacial-hydrological processes in different mountainous regions using the SWAT model. Improvements to SWAT for hydro-climatic extremities research will necessitate new drought or flood indicators, improved calibration methods, uncertainty analysis, and SWAT changes, among other things.
Assessing the impacts of land use/land cover changes on hydrological processes in Southern Ethiopia: The SWAT model approach
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Hailu Gisha Kuma, Fekadu Fufa Feyessa, Tamene Adugna Demissie
The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model is a physically-based, semi-distributed model that is designed to evaluate the impacts of climate and land use management practices on hydrologic processes occurring within basins (Arnold et al., 1998). This model employs a water balance approach to simulate the partitioning of hydrologic processes within a watershed (Neitsch et al., 2011). The hydrologic routines implemented by the SWAT model are based on an equation (Equation.1) that accounts for the major components of the hydrologic cycle, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. By simulating the interactions between these components, the SWAT model is able to capture the complex hydrological processes that occur within a watershed and to predict the impacts of various management practices on water resources.
Modelling of streamflow before and after dam construction in the Mono River Basin in Togo-Benin, West Africa
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2023
H. Djan’na Koubodana, Julien G. Adounkpe, Kossi Atchonouglo, Koffi Djaman, Isaac Larbi, Yao Lombo, Kossi E. Kpemoua
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is a semi-distributed hydrological model, which has been applied at large and small scales worldwide (Arnold et al., 1998). The model was developed to predict the impact of land management practice on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large un-gauged catchments (Adeogun et al., 2014; Jayakrishnan et al., 2005). SWAT allows the user to simulate water balance components with input datasets such as soil, land use/cover (LULC), climate variables, relief and others. SWAT models are usually tested through calibration, validation and uncertainty analysis using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting algorithm (SUFI-2) in SWAT-Calibration and Uncertainty Programs (SWAT-CUP) developed by Abbaspour et al. (2004) SUFI-2 is a semi-automated inverse modelling procedure for a combined sensitivity-calibration-uncertainty analysis of observed streamflow and sediments. Nevertheless, the weakness of this kind of model resides in the high number of input parameters which make the model parameterization and calibration very difficult and also the equifinality of parameter sets during the estimation of model parameters (Arnold et al., 2012).
Assessing the impacts of land use/land cover and climate change on surface runoff of a humid tropical river basin in Western Ghats, India
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2023
Rakesh Kumar Sinha, T. I. Eldho, Ghosh Subimal
The SWAT model is an open-source, semi-distributed, and process-oriented hydrological model which is developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and has been one of the most widely used model to quantify the hydrological parameters. This is because of the free availability of the model and interfaces with the Arc GIS and easy to calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis within the model. Initially, SWAT model developed for the ungauged watershed (Arnold et al., 1998), and later on, it is also used for gauged river basin for prediction of relative impacts scenarios such as a change in LULC, climate, best management practices or other variables (Trang et al., 2017). In the model, the river basin is separated into sub-basins and sub-basin possesses distinctive LULC, soil and slope are clustered together to form a hydrological response unit (HRU). The whole basin is divided into 29 sub-basins for assessment of impacts of LULC and climate change on surface runoff on the sub-basins scale. The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN2) technique was applied to assess the surface runoff on the daily time step and presented into the monthly time step for the KRB. The detailed description of the SWAT model and its components is available in Arnold et al. (1998), Neitsch et al. (2011), and https://swat.tamu.edu/documentation/.