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Mechanics Preliminaries
Published in J. N. Reddy, Theories and Analyses of Beams and Axisymmetric Circular Plates, 2022
Beams are structural members that have a ratio of length-to-cross-sectional dimensions very large, say, 10 to 100 or more and subjected to forces, both along and transverse to the length and moments that tend to rotate them about an axis perpendicular to their length. When all applied loads are along the length only, they are called bars (i.e., bars experience only tensile or compressive stresses and strains and no bending deformation). Cables (or ropes) may be viewed as a very flexible form of bars, which can only take tension and not compression. Plates are a two-dimensional version of beams, with plate in-plane dimensions much larger in order of magnitude than the thickness. Thus, plates are thin bodies subjected to forces, in the plane as well as in the direction normal to the plane and bending moments about either axis in the plane. Geometrically, plates can be used in different shapes: circular, rectangular, triangular, rhombic, or polygonal. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Indus valley civilizations, and Romans used beams and plates of various shapes in their temples, monumental buildings, and tombs. Because of their geometry and loads applied, the beams and plates are stretched and bent (by design, in infinitesimally small magnitudes) from their original shapes. Such members are known as structural elements and their study constitutes structural mechanics, which is a subset of solid mechanics. The difference between structural elements and three-dimensional solid bodies, such as solid blocks and spheres that have no restrictions on their geometric make up, is that the latter may change their original geometry, but they may not show significant “bending” deformation.
Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
Typical PHE dimensions and performance parameters are given in Table 4.1.7 (Shah, 1994). Any metal that can be cold-worked is suitable for PHE applications. The most common plate materials are stainless steel (AISI 304 or 316) and titanium. Plates made from Incoloy 825, Inconel 625, and Hastelloy C-276 are also available. Nickel, cupronickel, and Monel are rarely used. Carbon steel is not used because of low corrosion resistance for thin plates. The heat transfer surface area per unit volume for plate exchangers ranges from 120 to 660 m2/m3 (37–200 ft2/ft3).
Steel Structures
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
The process by which two plates are joined together by the use of rivets is known as riveting. Holes are drilled in the plates to be connected at the appropriate places. For driving the rivets, they are heated till they become red hot and are then placed in the hole. Keeping the rivets pressed from one side, a number of blows are applied and a head at the other end is formed. When the hot rivet so fitted cools it shrinks and presses the plates together. These rivets are known as hot driven rivets. The hot driven rivets of 16, 18, 20 and 22 mm diameter are used for the structural steel works.
Bending of a Thin Rectangular Isotropic Micropolar Plate
Published in International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, 2019
Thin rectangular plate is a significant structural component uses in numerous engineering applications such as rigid pavements of highways and airports, house and bridge decks etc. Because of its enormous applications in several fields, in the last one or two decades thin elastic plates with various boundary conditions have been studied by several authors, among them, we can mention, Ciarlet [6, 7], Timoshenko and Woinowsky-Krieger [8], Goldenveizer [9], Neff and Jeong [10], Naghdi [11], etc.