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Following the Lead: Duped by Pipe Dope
Published in Michael S. Wogalter, Forensic Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2018
Michael S. Wogalter, Michael J. Kalsher
The source of the lead on Harry's apron was a product named PPS 2, a paste used on gas cylinder fittings to ensure a proper seal. PPS 2 is sold in a small metal can with a screw down top. Harry's main job involved installing fittings onto gas cylinders. In the process of assembly, he spreads “pipe dope” onto the screw fittings so when screwed in, the “pipe dope” forms a seal that prevents the gas from leaking out. Most of the time, he would use a brush to spread the pipe dope on the outer and inner threads of the pipe. It was common practice by Harry and his co-workers to use their fingers to spread the material. Occasionally, Harry wiped excess pipe dope onto his work apron. After work, Harry's regular routine was to bring his soiled work clothes and work aprons home for his wife to launder.
General Safety Practices
Published in James P. Lodge, Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 2017
In the use of hydrogen or acetylene as fuel, it is important that the system be free from leaks and that the fuel be ignited promptly after the valve is opened. The oxygen should be turned on before the fuel when igniting the flame and it should be turned off after the fuel when extinguishing the flame. Oxygen lines, gauges and fittings must be free of oil, grease and pipe dope. When many samples containing large amounts of mineral acids or significant amounts of toxic metals are to be analyzed, a fume exhaust line should be provided over the burner. If samples are dissolved in volatile flammable solvents, they should be prepared and stored at a location away from the flame. Atomic absorption burners that have sample-air mixing chambers should always be shielded and the mixing chamber drain should have a water seal.
RTV Silicone Adhesive Sealants
Published in Gerald L. Schneberger, Adhesives in Manufacturing, 2018
These modifications include replacement of all seals between the RTV material and the atmosphere with polyethylene or Teflon. Leather or rubber seals are not acceptable because they transmit atmospheric moisture which will cause premature curing of the RTV sealant. The follower plate should have a Teflon or polyethylene perimeter seal. All flexible hoses should be of the hydraulic type, rated for service at a minimum of 1000 psi (7000 kPa), and should be Teflonlined. Absence of a Teflon lining will cause the RTV material in the hoses to gradually cure on the inside of the hose, thus restricting the inside diameter, increasing the pressure drop, and, ultimately, rendering the equipment inoperable. All couplings and joints should be sealed with Teflon pipe tape or pipe dope to prevent the transmission of atmospheric moisture. There should be no piping in the system from the outlet of the pump to the dispensing nozzle with a diameter of less than 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) with the exception of the nozzle. For runs greater than 25 ft (8 m) or where manifolding is necessary to service more than one station, pipe diameters of 1 in. (2.5 cm) or more should be used to avoid excessive pressure drop. A pump with a chopcheck-type inlet, instead of the usual ball inlet commonly employed for greases and other low-viscosity material, should be used. A chopcheck inlet contains a “foot” which mechanically pulls the sealant paste into the pump rather than relying on the operation of a partial vacuum near the inlet to cause material to flow into the pump. Failure to use this type of inlet system may result in cavitation and unsatisfactory performance. A pump with an air-motor–driven piston and a 20:1 ratio between the air-motor drive and the fluid-pumping piston should be used for satisfactory performance.
Organic geochemical studies and origin of black hydrocarbon material (heavy oil) produced from Risha gas field (Jordon): insights into produced contaminated organic-inorganic materials during production
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Abdelrahman Qteishat, Naira M. Lofty, Sherif Farouk, Fayez Ahmad, Amr M. Shehata, Ahmed E. Radwan, David A. Wood, Khaled El-Kahtany
The previous sample analysis in this study indicated contaminated organic-inorganic material. The geochemical analysis of the investigated sample and the black solid material–source correlation was helpful in establishing the origin of organic materials (Black solid material) in the Risha gas field. However, the inorganic material or contamination source is still concealed. According to the sample analysis listed in Table 1, the high ash content of 78.91% that was recorded in the analyzed sample indicates the presence of amorphous inorganic material and indicates contamination. The most likely source of the contaminant inorganic materials might be introduced into the well as a component of a drilling mud additive or drill string lubricant. In addition, the investigated material has a high concentration of Fe with a value of 46.12%, which in turn supports the presence of inorganic contamination and potentially, in part, a corrosion product of wellbore tubulars. Some possible sources of this ash content in the investigated material include: (1) Corrosion products from surface and wellhead facilities, as a significant concentration of iron is present in the material, (2) compressor lubricant oil carried over as TEG degradation products, (3) Wellhead and other valve grease, (4) Drilling mud additive, (5) Lubricant for drilling strings (pipe dope).
Self-reported exposure to hazards and mitigation strategies among oil and gas extraction workers in three U.S. states
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Kaitlin C. Wingate, Kenneth A. Scott, Stephanie Pratt, Bradley King, Eric J. Esswein, Alejandra Ramirez-Cardenas, John Snawder, Kyla Hagan-Haynes
Hazardous substances such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrocarbon gases and vapors (HGVs), diesel particulate matter (DPM), and respirable crystalline silica (RCS) have been reported at OGE worksites (Esswein et al. 2016). Pipe dope, a grease for connecting drill pipes, can contain lead, which is associated with hypertension and neurological or kidney damage (Khan 2011). Diesel engines powering heavy equipment produce DPM, a known carcinogen (OSHA 2013). Drilling fluids, which remove cuttings from the well bore and maintain formation pressure and stability, contain chemicals that can be neurotoxic and carcinogenic (OGP/IPIECA 2009). Quartz sand used during hydraulic fracturing (HF) to stimulate well production produces RCS that can cause silicosis and other diseases (NIOSH 2002). Both the fracking fluid used to deliver sand to the fractures and flowback fluids released during HF operations can contain toxic, flammable, and corrosive chemicals (OSHA/NIOSH 2012; OSHA 2014). HGVs from production fluids like crude oil can be released during tank opening and gauging and can result in fires and explosions or oxygen-deficient atmospheres and cause respiratory, cardiovascular, and narcotic effects including sudden death (NIOSH 2016). OGE work environments may also contain physical hazards such as noise, radiation, and confined spaces (Harrison et al. 2016; Lawson et al. 2019; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2021). Injuries due to dropped objects and working from heights are common (Esswein et al. 2016). Implementation of the hierarchy of controls can reduce exposure risks to various hazards in OGE. The hierarchy of controls emphasizes elimination or substitution of the hazard as the most effective solution, followed by engineering and administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) as the last line of defense (NIOSH 2015).