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Energy Resources
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
Although petroleum migrates naturally upward through many kinds of rocks, migration may stop if the petroleum runs into a petroleum trap, a layer of impermeable rock, such as shale. Figure 14.10 shows three examples of. The drawing on the top shows an anticline trap—a type of trap involving rocks that folded into an arched shape. Hydrocarbons (shown in red) from depth have migrated upward until encountering the impermeable layer at the top of the anticline—and so the hydrocarbons became trapped and concentrated. The drawing in the middle shows a fault trap. Diagonal fault movement, shown by arrows, has juxtaposed permeable and impermeable rocks. So, hydrocarbons flowed upward and became concentrated in the red triangular area with impermeable rock above and to the left. The bottom drawing shows a stratigraphic trap. In this kind of trap, impermeable rock (shown in black) surrounds permeable rock that contains petroleum (shown in red). So, crude oil flows into the permeable horizon and cannot escape. Many other kinds of rocks and geometries can trap hydrocarbons, and most are associated with some impermeable caprock that stops the upward flow of petroleum.
Origin and Composition
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Two types of petroleum traps are structural and stratigraphic. Structural traps are formed by deformation of the reservoir rock, such as a fold or fault, and may have a surface expression such as a hill, which is an indicator of a trap. Stratigraphic traps are formed by deposition of the reservoir rock, such as a river channel sandstone or limestone reef, or from the erosion of the reservoir rock. Both are common but stratigraphic traps are more difficult to locate and produce. Combination traps have elements of both.
Tectonic controls on geomorphological dynamics and sediment dispersal in source-to-sink systems in the Qingdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2022
Z. Han, S. Dai, H. Jia, T. Liu, Z. Jiang
This study focused on the Qingdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, which is controlled by the west branch of the Tanlu Fault Belt (Zhan & Zhu, 2012). The tectonic evolution and its dynamics of the Qingdong Sag is well described (Wang et al., 2012; Wei et al., 2014; Zhan & Zhu, 2012) but owing to the limited data, research on the controls of tectonic geomorphology on basin infilling has been limited to parts of the Qingdong Sag or some successions (Li et al., 2009; Xiang et al., 2010; Xu, 2016). The Qingdong Sag has experienced several periods of tectonic transition (Wang et al., 2012) but the tectonic controls on sediment infilling, in particular on sediment flow paths and partition need to be understood in more detail. Moreover, this research is important for the interpretation of sand-rich areas that can act as petroleum traps. In recent years, hydrocarbon exploration has provided more and higher-quality data that have allowed a detailed study on the Qingdong Sag.