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Fiber optics in the oil and gas industry
Published in P. Dakin John, G. W. Brown Robert, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
The fluid level in observation wells is related to the oil rim in reservoir. Oil rims can be controlled by pushing the oil up or down by injecting or pumping off water below the oil and additional injection of gas above the oil or by decreasing/increasing the production. Thus, the rim can be confined in a certain depth, which is where the actual producing wells are drilled to. The rim can always be shifted up or down to remain at this depth with the help of the water-gas injection, but it is vital to know where this depth is. To make matters worse, the height of the rim can change as well; therefore, it is of paramount importance to monitor the oil rim behavior. With the help of the pressures measured in each of the fluid gas, oil, and water, we can identify the contacts between gas–oil [free gas–oil contact (FGOC)] and oil–water [free oil–water contact (FOWC)] in the well due to simple gradient calculation. When there are at least two gauges in the same medium, it is a straightforward calculation to determine the gradient in that medium. Then we only have to identify the location where the gradients intersect, and the FGOC and FOWC contacts are established. This information in turn can be used to control the injection of the gas and water. To be certain that the gradients are calculated with enough precision, there is a trade-off due to the uncertainty of the gauges, and the amount of gauges in one fluid a cut-level algorithm was developed to obtain more precise contacts.
Regulatory and economic challenges in the production of geothermal brine from a mature oil field
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2022
Daria Karasalihović Sedlar, Tomislav Kurevija, Marija Macenić, Ivan Smajla
By 2015, a total of 89 wells were drilled within the Ivanić oilfield. According to the latest available data, 43 wells are classified as production wells, 22 as injection wells, 4 as observation wells, 17 were technically liquidated and 3 abandoned (INA Ltd, 2016). The separate shallower geothermal field (at 1290 m of depth) layout falls within the Ivanić hydrocarbon exploitation field (Figure 2). The geothermal field consists of one production well (Iva-1 T) and one injection well (Iva-2). The geothermal reservoir is made up of two separate layers, the one above the oil reservoir is defined by “I + K” sandstone unit at approximately 1290 m of depth with a wellhead temperature of 60°C and confirmed reserves of 3 l/s. The one below the oil reservoir (standard bottom-aquifer at approximately 1750 m of depth) shows the great potential as a medium-temperature reservoir with 75°C at the wellhead. However, additional well testing and well logs are needed to confirm a more precise oil-water contact for some gamma layers and regional aquifer boundaries as well.
Design and application of an alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) slug for enhanced oil recovery: a case study for a depleted oil field reservoir
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Shilpi Sarmah, Subrata Borgohain Gogoi
This part of the study uses a segment from a real reservoir model of a depleted reservoir of the Upper Assam Basin. The static model constitutes a total area of 36 km2, nine layers of the layer structure, Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place (STOIIP) of 7,597,217 sm3, Oil Water Contact (OWC) 2660 m below sea level, Gas Oil Contact (GOC) 2615 m below sea level, initial reservoir pressure of 265 kg/cm2 (at 2615 m below sea level), and constant temperature of 75 °C, an average horizontal and vertical permeability of 80 and 60 mD, and porosity of 24%. The static reservoir model with the above properties was used to perform a simulation forecast for a period of 20 years taking into consideration a classical four-spot pattern flood. The prepared simulation models of a real oil reservoir were used to perform simulation forecasts results for: A base case (with no injection) andA case with the designed ASP slug
Facile preparation of multi-scale nanoarchitectures on cotton fabric with low surface energy for high performance self-cleaning
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
Shengnan Tian, Jian Zhao, Jiahuan He, Haiting Shi, Bingqi Jin, Shuang Qin, Yanling Xia, Changfa Xiao
Inspired by above studies, we provide two facile methods to prepare self-cleaning cotton fabric with superhydrophobicity and high oleophobicity. Here, the fluorinated modified TiO2/SiO2 NPs (regarding to nano-TiO2–CH2CH2(CF2)7CF3 and nano-SiO2–CH2CH2(CF2)7CF3, fabricated by the hydrolysis of (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl) trimethoxysilane), were deposited onto the cotton fabric based on two immobilized strategies: 1) post-treatment, to achieve the immobilization of the fluorinated modified TiO2/SiO2 NPs by swelling cotton fiber with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) solution; 2) pre-treatment, in advance of spraying the waterborne polyurethane (WPU) as the adhesives on cotton fabric. The surface roughness with “air cushion” (static air in it) of self-cleaning cotton fabric was constructed by arranging modified TiO2/SiO2 NPs with different sizes. The morphologies, chemical composition, amphiphobicities, style characteristics and mechanical properties of the blend NPs coated cotton fabric were investigated by oil/water contact angle (CA), draping, air permeability, water-vapour transmission, thickness and tensile measurements. Optimum program has been established according to the actual amphiphobic performance. Furthermore, the durability of self-cleaning fabric was also evaluated by washing fastness and abrasion resistance.