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The Portland cement industry and reinforced concrete in Portugal (1860–1945)
Published in Ine Wouters, Stephanie Van de Voorde, Inge Bertels, Bernard Espion, Krista De Jonge, Denis Zastavni, Building Knowledge, Constructing Histories, 2018
João Mascarenhas-Mateus, CaioRodrigues de Castro
Taking some inspiration from Thomas Kuhn’s theory of progress cycles (Kuhn 1962), the paradigm shift from a lime, earth and wood building culture to one revolving around reinforced concrete took a long time to happen worldwide. This shift was accompanied by a pre-scientific period and a shorter period of broader scientific knowledge. Since Antiquity, concrete based on aerial or natural hydraulic lime, sand and coarse aggregates, sometimes combined with pozzolanic additives, was used for foundations, hydraulic works and all kinds of superstructures such as the well-known monumental Roman vaults. Nevertheless, the first step in the ‘reinforced concrete revolution’ was triggered by the introduction of new schools of thought on the production of natural and artificial binders at a time when iron and steel was becoming a standardized construction material. Improvements to hydraulic limes and natural/Roman cements (with pre-scientific studies including those produced by Antoine-Joseph Loriot (1716–82) or James Parker in the second half of the eighteenth century and normal science studies by Louis Vicat (1786–1861) during the first half of the nineteenth century) were followed by a new series of material science improvements in the fields of geology and chemistry on ‘artificial stones’ and the production of the artificial binder known as Portland cement, patented by Joseph Aspdin (1778–1855) in 1824. This was a new material whose production was, as early as 1876, standardized in Germany with the adoption of the ‘Standard rules for furnishing and testing Portland cement’ set out by the Association of German Port-land Cement Manufacturers. Meanwhile, the Bessemer process for the mass production of steel registered in the 1850s and the elastic theory established by authors such as James Bernoulli (1655–1705), Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806), Leonhard Euler (1707–83), Claude Navier (1785–1836) or Christian Mohr (1835–1918) paved the way for an explanatory framework of the different reinforced Portland cement concrete methods patented at the end of the nineteenth century. This knowledge was incorporated into the first structural analyses concerning the new system such as the one produced by Paul Christophe (1870–1957), which was published in 1902 and based on the first materials tests performed by Gustav Wayss (1851–1917), Paul Planat (1839–1911), Napoléon de Tédesco (1848–1922) and others.
The Portland cement industry and reinforced concrete in Portugal (1860–1945)
Published in Ine Wouters, Stephanie Van de Voorde, Inge Bertels, Bernard Espion, Krista De Jonge, Denis Zastavni, Building Knowledge, Constructing Histories, 2018
João Mascarenhas-Mateus, Caio Rodrigues de Castro
Taking some inspiration from Thomas Kuhn’s theory of progress cycles (Kuhn 1962), the paradigm shift from a lime, earth and wood building culture to one revolving around reinforced concrete took a long time to happen worldwide. This shift was accompanied by a pre-scientific period and a shorter period of broader scientific knowledge. Since Antiquity, concrete based on aerial or natural hydraulic lime, sand and coarse aggregates, sometimes combined with pozzolanic additives, was used for foundations, hydraulic works and all kinds of superstructures such as the well-known monumental Roman vaults. Nevertheless, the first step in the ‘reinforced concrete revolution’ was triggered by the introduction of new schools of thought on the production of natural and artificial binders at a time when iron and steel was becoming a standardized construction material. Improvements to hydraulic limes and natural/Roman cements (with pre-scientific studies including those produced by Antoine-Joseph Loriot (1716–82) or James Parker in the second half of the eighteenth century and normal science studies by Louis Vicat (1786–1861) during the first half of the nineteenth century) were followed by a new series of material science improvements in the fields of geology and chemistry on ‘artificial stones’ and the production of the artificial binder known as Portland cement, patented by Joseph Aspdin (1778–1855) in 1824. This was a new material whose production was, as early as 1876, standardized in Germany with the adoption of the ‘Standard rules for furnishing and testing Portland cement’ set out by the Association of German Port-land Cement Manufacturers. Meanwhile, the Bessemer process for the mass production of steel registered in the 1850s and the elastic theory established by authors such as James Bernoulli (1655–1705), Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806), Leonhard Euler (1707–83), Claude Navier (1785–1836) or Christian Mohr (1835–1918) paved the way for an explanatory framework of the different reinforced Portland cement concrete methods patented at the end of the nineteenth century. This knowledge was incorporated into the first structural analyses concerning the new system such as the one produced by Paul Christophe (1870–1957), which was published in 1902 and based on the first materials tests performed by Gustav Wayss (1851–1917), Paul Planat (1839–1911), Napoléon de Tédesco (1848–1922) and others.
An Investigation of the Application and Material Characteristics of Early 20th-Century Portland Cement-Based Structures from the Historical Campus of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020
István Vidovszky, Farkas Pintér
The history of modern hydraulic binders started with John Smeaton’s experiments with natural hydraulic limes (NHL) during the construction of the lighthouse at Eddystone (1756–59) which was followed by James Parker´s trials resulting in the invention of Roman cement (RC) in 1796 (Blezard 1998). Some decades later in 1824, the product name Portland cement (PC) was introduced and patented by Joseph Aspdin. Nevertheless, this hydraulic binder, or so-called “proto” PC, showed more similarities with Smeaton´s NHL (Blezard 1998) than those of PCs produced some decades later. Finally, in 1844 Johnson succeed in burning cement clinker above the sintering temperature (i.e. > 1300°C) for the first time. Nevertheless, the PCs of the second half of the 19th century were characterized by an inhomogeneous mineral composition containing, besides the main PC clinker phases (i.e., C3S, C2S, C3A, and ferrite), under and partly over burned clinker, as well as glassy phases (Blezard 1998; Campbell 1999). Until the beginning of the 20th century PC was produced in vertical shaft kilns and milled coarser as compared to modern OPCs (Note: in this article we use the term Ordinary Portland cement, OPC for PCs produced after World War II; Blezard 1998; Weber, Bayer, and Pintér 2012). Around the turn of the 20th century, the introduction of rotary kilns, ball mills, and the use of calcium sulfate as a retarding agent resulted in a development in the fabrication process and a quality increase in cement production (Blezard 1998; Weber, Bayer, and Pintér 2012).