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Biological Approaches for Advanced Fuels Development from Biological/Plant Residues or Wastes
Published in Prakash K. Sarangi, Latika Bhatia, Biotechnology for Waste Biomass Utilization, 2023
Nowadays, geothermal energy which is harnessed from hot springs is used for humankind’s needs. In this energy source, the Earth’s core area is considered hot as the sun’s surface due to the slow decay of radioactive particles or elements in the rocks at the center of the Earth’s planet. In this energy source, drilling a deep well brings the boiling underground water to the Earth’s surface as hydrothermal energy or resources. Then it is pumped via a turbine device for the generation of electric power (Pearre and Swan, 2020). Geothermal energy plants have shown low emission for pumping the steam water due to the reservoir system’s back. This source of energy can increase the risks of earthquakes in that area due to geological hot spots. Geothermal system installation is expensive at the initial stage, but it has shown fewer maintenance issues and longer life than air (Alirahmi et al., 2019).
Earth Systems and Cycles
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
Figure 2.38 shows a mantle plume at a hot spot. The causes of hot spots and plumes are debated, but the features at the surface are similar everywhere. In oceanic regions, hot spots may produce large submarine volcanoes called seamounts which, if exposed above water, form islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands. In continental regions, hot spots produce areas of volcanic and hydrothermal activity, such as the area around Yellowstone National Park. As shown in Figure 2.38, hot spots are places where large amounts of magma rise from deep in the mantle, carrying heat toward the surface. At least some of the magmas originate at the mantle-core boundary. So, hot spot magmas, which have far deeper origins than spreading and subduction zone magmas do, may be the most significant process moving Earth materials from the deep mantle toward the surface.
Renewable Energy
Published in Efstathios E. Michaelides, Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability, 2018
Figure 6.16 shows the regions on the surface of the earth with high geothermal temperature gradients. These regions are predominantly located at the boundaries of tectonic plates where magma intrudes into the crust of the earth and creates hot spots. Among these regions are the western Pacific Rim, which encompasses the United States; Mexico; all central American countries, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile; the eastern Pacific Rim with the countries of Japan, Indonesia, New Zealand, and the Philippines; in Europe, the Mediterranean countries, Madeira, and Iceland; and the eastern African countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, and Tanzania. These countries currently have a high fraction of the existing geothermal projects for the production of electricity and geothermal heat utilization. Several of these countries and their installed geothermal capacity are listed in Table 6.9. For some of the smaller countries, e.g., El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Iceland, geothermal energy provides a high percentage of the total electric power demand.
Scientific ocean drilling in the Australasian region: a review
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2022
The assumption that mantle plumes (hotspots) are spatially immobile has underpinned plate-tectonic reference frames. However, southward motion of the Hawaii hotspot at ∼44 mm yr–1 relative to the magnetic pole was discovered consequent to paleomagnetic studies of samples recovered by ODP Leg 197 along the Emperor seamount chain. Furthermore, the apparent change in Pacific Plate motion direction at ca 47.4 Ma, marked by the bend in the Hawaii-Emperor chains (O’Connor et al., 2013), may mostly be the result in change in motion of the hotspot (Tarduno et al., 2009) rather than plate motion change. In contrast, IODP1 Expedition 330 sampled the Louisville hotspot chain, and found limited latitudinal motion, and a decreasing distance between seamounts of the same age in the Hawaii-Emperor and Louisville chains (Tarduno & Koppers, 2019). These results have opened up new avenues for studies of mantle convection.
A Constitutive Model for the Shock Ignition of Polymer Bonded Explosives
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2019
Youcai Xiao, Yufeng Li, Zhijun Wang, Huiping Zhao, Yi Sun
PBXs can be initiated by shock wave with adequate strength. It is commonly accepted that the formation of hot spots reactions in explosives results in initiation. Several mechanisms such as void collapse, viscous heating, localized adiabatic, and interface friction lead to the formation of hot spots.