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The analysis of financial poverty alleviation funds performance in China
Published in Artde Donald Kin-Tak Lam, Stephen D. Prior, Siu-Tsen Shen, Sheng-Joue Young, Liang-Wen Ji, Innovation in Design, Communication and Engineering, 2020
Zengjun An, Qixue Gao, Shih-Ming Ou*
Central Government funds for poverty alleviation indicates the funds of Central Government financial special arrangement used for poverty alleviation arranged to the country for use in the same year, which includes agricultural construction special allowance funds. The financial poverty alleviation funds are mainly used for the poor countries to develop the production, infrastructure, science promotion and training, as well as supporting the rural education, medical health, cultural industry etc. [14]. The poverty alleviation subsidized loan funds apply the form of compensated use funds. Central Government poverty alleviation subsidized loan is mainly issued by the Agricultural Bank of China to use for supporting to develop the planting and breeding industry for the poor population with low income of poverty alleviation key countries, labor intensive enterprises, agricultural product processing enterprises and market circulation enterprises, as well as partial infrastructure project. The work-relief funds indicate the Central Government financial investment infrastructure engineering, the people who receives relief take part in the engineering construction to obtain the remuneration, which is mainly used for improving the production and living conditions and ecological environment of poor areas [15]. The Central Government special grain for green engineering allowance funds mainly include three parts: the grain subsidy, seeding cost subsidy and management cost subsidy for the farmer households who have returned grain for green. The provincial arranged poverty alleviation funds indicate all poverty funds covered in the provincial financial budget and specialized arrangement for supporting the key countries and poor villages. Other funds are the funds used for the poverty alleviation development projects except the above-mentioned poverty alleviation funds, e.g. the enterprises establish the enterprises’ investment amount in the form of joint venture in the poor countries, the science and technology input of research and development institution to the poor countries and various donations etc.
Energy, economic, and environmental impacts of sustainable biochar systems in rural China
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Siming You, Wangliang Li, Weihua Zhang, Hankwon Lim, Harn Wei Kua, Young-Kwon Park, Avanthi Deshani Igalavithana, Yong Sik Ok
Rural China is facing several environmental challenges such as soil contamination and degradation associated with land-use transitions and widespread overuse of fertilizers and pesticides (Long & Qu, 2018; Zhu et al., 2018). Around 16.1% of the soil samples (19% for agricultural soils) in China are contaminated and 82.4% of the soil samples are contaminated with metals and metalloids (Zhao et al., 2014). Soil contamination reduces eco-diversity and agricultural productivity, and pose a significant threat to China’s food security (Liu et al., 2013). The government aims to recover 95% of the nation's contaminated land by 2030 according to the Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (Hou & Li, 2017). Additionally, 5.392 million km2 land or 56.2% of the total land area experienced soil degradation, corresponding to an arable land area of around 1.3 million km2, or 14% of the total land area (Zhao, 2018). Soil erosion has spread a vast amount of organic matter and nutrients into water bodies, leading to the deterioration of water quality. A series of environmental protection measures (e.g., Grain for Green Project and planting of fast-growing woods on hills in southern China) have been adopted but they only partially fulfilled the target of recovering the soil erosion situation to the 1980s level by 2010 (Wang et al., 2016).
Responses of terrestrial water cycle components to afforestation within and around the Yellow River basin
Published in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2019
Meixia LV, Zhuguo MA, Shaoming PENG
The Grain-for-Green project is a large afforestation program aimed at returning cultivated land across China to forest or perennial grassland (Yuan et al. 2014). The total conversion area had reached 29.9 million ha by 2014 (Li 2015). The project has been widely implemented on the Loess Plateau within the Yellow River basin to control soil and water loss (Chen et al. 2015). The water scarcity is severe in this basin, with ~50% of streamflow withdrawn by humans without flowing into the Bohai Sea, according to the Bulletin of Water Resources of the Yellow River (http://www.yellowriver.gov.cn/). That is why the South-to-North Diversion Project has been implemented in China. Under the Grain-for-Green project, the vegetation has been largely improved in the basin (Chen et al. 2015; Zhou, Shao, and Cao 2016; Li, Peng, and Li 2017), but runoff and soil water storage have in many studies been found to have decreased (McVicar et al. 2007; Feng et al. 2016; Li et al. 2016; Jia et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018b). However, Wang et al. (2017) found that streamflow consistently increased with agricultural land converted into forest over the Wei River basin on the Loess Plateau. Pan, Wu, and Liu (2015) indicated that land-use change played a negative role in water supply from 2000–05, but a positive role from 2005–08, in the Yellow River source region. Nevertheless, in their study, the forested land areas were reported to be 7030, 7412, and 7585 km2 in 2000, 2005, and 2008, respectively. Therefore, the effect of vegetation change on water resources requires further study to provide guidance for further revegetation, which Zhang et al. (2018a) argued should be applied with caution on the Loess Plateau.
The effects of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors in the Loess Plateau of China
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2018
Dandan Wang, Xinxiao Yu, Guodong Jia, Jianjun Zhang, Ziqiang Liu
Soil erosion has been regarded as a principal environmental threat since the 1930s. Soil erosion leads to the loss of topsoil and nutrients, damage to the soil structure and a decrease in soil quality. These effects have resulted in land degradation and desertification, limited the productivity of forests and agricultural land, and contributed to natural disasters that threaten human safety [1,2]. The Loess Plateau, accounting for about 40% of the total land area in northwestern China, suffers from a serious soil erosion problem. The erosion rate in most areas has reached 5000–10,000 mg km−2 year−1, and even more than 59,700 mg km−2 year−1 in some regions [3]. Previous investigations have shown that 90% of sediments from the Loess Plateau are discharged into the Yellow River, nearly 25% of which settled on the river bed, leading to an annual increase in bed depth of 8–10 cm [3,4]. To address these problems, numerous engineering and vegetation restoration measures have been implemented in the past few decades in the Loess Plateau. To increase vegetation coverage, extensive tree planting has been undertaken since the early 1970s, which has resulted in 43% of cultivated slope farmlands being converted to forests (38%) and grasslands (5%) [5]. However, soil loss has remained a serious issue until the late 1990s. Farmlands are considered to represent the land use most strongly threatened by soil erosion because of the soil disturbance during farming activity. Zhang et al. [3] reported that soil detachment capacity of farmland was 2–13 times greater than that of woodland, shrub land, grassland or wasteland. In 1999, the Chinese government initiated the ‘Grain for Green’ policy with the aim of reducing soil loss on sloping farmland [6,7]. As a result, large-scale soil and water conservation measures have improved the ecological environment in the Loess Plateau.