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Limit equilibrium methods II – general slip surfaces and beyond critical equilibrium
Published in Robin Chowdhury, Phil Flentje, Gautam Bhattacharya, Geotechnical Slope Analysis, 2009
Robin Chowdhury, Phil Flentje, Gautam Bhattacharya
IV Turbulent grain flow: It is postulated that turbulent flow of a dispersed particulate mass occurs with an interstitial fluid which may be air or dry dust (Bagnold 1954, 1956). The concept of grain flow recognizes that a static granular mass cannot flow without some degree of dilation and dispersion. The dispersive stress originates from grain collisons in a suspension of high concentration. According to Hsu (1978), the postulate of Sturzsstrom motion suggested by Heim (1932) for the Elm rockslide is similar to what Bagnold postulated later for a turbulent grain flow.
Formation of functionally graded hybrid composite materials with Al2O3 and RHA reinforcements using friction stir process
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
Chandra Vikram Singh, Praveen Pachauri, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi, Satpal Sharma, R. M. Singari
Incorporation of hard phases in Al6063 and Al8011 alloys at optimum friction stir process parameters enhanced the hardness significantly. Friction stir process also affects the grain flow of alloys during incorporation of reinforcement particles. Grain flow is a directional orientation of metal grains and any inclusions that have been deformed by tool axial force on the workpiece during FSP. Individual grains are elongated in the direction of the metal flow or plastic deformation. More importantly, non-metallic inclusions, particles and other imperfections inherited from the casting process (forging vs casting) are elongated in the direction of grain flow. The important implication about grain flow is that hardness varies with respect to orientation relative to grain flow. This fact is one of the major advantages of the friction stir process over traditional casting method in the development of composite material. This variation in hardness properties can be exploited so that the actual product has superior properties in a critical direction relative to those expected from the alloy composition itself (Ritukesh et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2019; Dinaharan et al. 2019; Balakrishnan et al. 2019).