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Making Sense of Failure
Published in David O'Hare, Introduction to Safety Science, 2022
The most significant benefit of HFACS is that it provides guidance for the practitioner or accident investigator to start thinking about the wider system. That is to go beyond the people or processes that appear to play a role in an accident on the day, to look beyond the apparent failures and to try to understand aspects associated with culture, accepted (but unsafe) practices and organisational decision making, for instance, that have all contributed to this occurrence. With this in mind, the analysts of the Herald disaster added an additional layer (i.e. ‘External Factors') not in the original HFACS scheme. All too often government legislation and regulatory actions can have significant, if unintended, impacts on operational safety. In the case of the Herald and similar roll-on, roll-off (Ro-Ro) ferries, regulators had not addressed the value of anti-free-surface effect devices which might have been able to prevent the capsize.
Earth Response to Uniform Self Similar Crack Motion
Published in Arabinda Roy, Rasajit Kumar Bera, Linear and Non-Linear Deformations of Elastic Solids, 2019
Arabinda Roy, Rasajit Kumar Bera
The expression of the surface displacement as given by Eq. (11.30) contains the head wave contribution uSP. This term was absent in Brock’s analysis (1975). In Eq. (11.13), the free surface effect has been taken into account exactly. However, the results are valid in 0<t<t1 where () t1=h[2α+(α2−V2cos2δ)1/2−Vsinδ]/α[(α2−V2cos2δ)1/2+Vsinδ]
Micromechanical thermal deformation of unidirectional boron/aluminum composite
Published in C A Walker, Handbook of Moiré Measurement, 2003
However, the deformation of the aluminum matrix in the ligaments between fibres behaved differently in the direction perpendicular to the fibre–matrix interface. Large compressive strains were developed (εxσ in figures 2.5.3(a) and 2.5.4(a) and εyσ in figures 2.5.3(b) and 2.5.4(b)). The magnitude of the maximum compressive strain was almost twice as large as that of the maximum tensile strain. These large compressive strains are counterintuitive, inasmuch as one would expect compression in the boron and tension in the aluminum. The compression is caused by a free surface effect. Detailed explanations on the free surface effect can be found in [3].
A numerical analysis to determine wake recovery distance for the longitudinal arrangement of hydrokinetic turbine in the channel system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Manoj Sood, Sunil Kumar Singal
In channel system, flow of water is governed by gravity (subjected to atmospheric pressure), unlike pipe flow (where flow is subjected to pressure flow). Therefore, its numerical modeling is different from wind modeling (which is based on single phase modeling). Since, open channel modeling requires free surface effect, therefore, two fluids; water and air are used (two phase modeling). Free surface effect acts as an interface between these two fluids which assures that the water’s top surface will be subjected to zero parallel shear.