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Categories and types of flood adaptation measures applicable in the design of public spaces
Published in Maria Matos Silva, Public Spaces for Water, 2019
Floodwalls can be characterized as being artificial walls, generally consisting of extensive reinforced concrete vertical platforms perpendicular to the ground and alongside a water-course. Their size and shape may vary considerably depending on the projected flood characteristics. They are mostly applied with the goal to face fluvial and coastal floods.
Multi-functional urban design approaches to manage floods: examples from Dutch cities
Published in Journal of Urban Design, 2022
The parking garage at Katwijk aan Zee, located on the mid-Netherlands coast, opened in 2016 as an example of such a project. The garage sits in between a ‘dike in a dune’ on the water side, and a boulevard on the land side (Figures 3 and 4). It features a two-pronged approach. The dune, which consists of three million cubic metres of sand, slows the waves as they crash into a dike that is embedded inside the dune. The dune and the levee protect the resort town from coastal flooding, while the below-grade parking garage helps increase coastal access, with entrances and exits located along the levee. From the outside, the multi-purpose levee looks like dunes with local grass plantings atop, which blend nicely with the surrounding landscape and help to promote biodiversity. Although the parking garage is covered with the same sand as the dune, it is physically not part of the flood defence. The flood wall lends stability to the parking garage, not the other way around. Even if the parking garage were to collapse, the flood wall will continue to stand since it is sufficiently strong to hold up by itself (Voorendt 2017, 25). The parking garage was awarded the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects’ best building of the year.
Flood risk management strategies for national capital territory of Delhi, India
Published in ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2019
Mukesh Kumar, Mohammed Sharif, Sirajuddin Ahmed
One of the vulnerable points in the urban stretch between Wazirabad and Okhla is the old Yamuna Bazar wall which was constructed in 1970s. It is recommended that the Yamuna Bazar wall be strengthened to withstand water pressure during floods. Considering the flood discharge of 21,088 and 22,845 cumec, the height of the wall needs to be increased. The overall design of the wall should be reviewed and strengthened for a discharge of 25,500 cumec. It is to be ensured that drainage spouts of the road do not open on river side directly, so as to avoid back flow through drainage spouts. For this, a drain along ring road may be constructed and an outfall may be constructed in the drain out falling into the Yamuna. A flood wall of adequate height shall be constructed along the Ring Road from Chandgi Ram Akhada to Quadisia Ghat.
2018 Typhoon Jebi post-event survey of coastal damage in the Kansai region, Japan
Published in Coastal Engineering Journal, 2019
Nobuhito Mori, Tomohiro Yasuda, Taro Arikawa, Tomoya Kataoka, Sota Nakajo, Kojiro Suzuki, Yusuke Yamanaka, Adrean Webb
Sunshine Wharf in Kobe is a waterfront shopping center built in 2000 on a ferry port (Higashi-Kobe Ferry Center). The ground level of the facility was not elevated before the construction, and the quay wall was left as is, while the apron was utilized as part of a plaza and parking lot. Flooding near the facility was extensive. The photo in Figure 7 shows employees being evacuated, with the height of the flood waters ranging between their waists and chests. Fortunately, construction of a flood wall behind the shopping facility was recently completed (one to two months prior to the event) and prevented significant flooding in the residential areas protected by the flood wall. Measured HWMs range 1.0–1.3 m on the shopping center facility walls and new flood wall (TP+3.3–3.9, MSL+3.1–3.7 m). Commercial facilities outside of the protective borders should be more flood-conscious and establish flood countermeasures and evacuation plans both for visitors and employees.