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Effect of Individual Particle Characteristics on Airborne Emissions
Published in James P. Wood, Containment in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2020
Chetan P. Pujara, Dane O. Kildsig
Powders and granulated solids are used throughout the pharmaceutical industry. The handling of these materials generates airborne dust that may affect worker health and safety, cause a nuisance and/or result in product loss. This is especially true when the dust is an active chemical ingredient. Dust is defined as any particulate material finer than 75 μm (1). Dustiness (or dustability) is defined as the propensity of a material to emit dust during handling operations and may be considered to be analogous to vapor pressure on the molecular scale. The process by which dust is produced is referred to as pulvation and is analogous to evaporation on the molecular scale (2). Containment technology in the pharmaceutical industry would benefit from a systematic study of powder dustiness and the powder factors governing the aerosolization and transport of the airborne particles. The methods of preventing dustiness are of increasing importance in handling of powders due to the growing emphasis on health and safety, and also on loss prevention.
Evaluation and modelling of haul road dust palliatives
Published in G. N. Panagiotou, T. N. Michalakopoulos, Mine Planning and Equipment Selection 2000, 2018
The integrated design of mine haul roads encompasses structural, functional and maintenance design aspects as discussed by Thompson & Visser (1999). Design and construction costs for the majority of haul roads represent only a small proportion of the total operating and maintenance costs. Whilst it is possible to construct a mine haul road that requires no maintenance over its service life, this would be prohibitively expensive, as would the converse but rather in terms of operating and maintenance costs. Whilst wearing course material selection guidelines together with a maintenance management system can optimise road performance at minimum total road-user costs, considerable time and expenditure is nevertheless applied to the reduction of haul road dust. Excessive dust generation from mine haul roads is a problem common to most surface mining operations. Optimal wearing course material selection parameters reduce, but do not totally eliminate the potential to produce dust (Thompson & Visser, 2000) and mines regularly re-apply a water-spray to the road for palliation purposes. Although water-spraying is the most common means of reducing dustiness, it is not necessarily the most efficient means of dust suppression, especially where high evaporation rates and traffic volumes are found in combination with wearing course materials that are inherently dusty.
Containment Technology
Published in Terry Jacobs, Andrew A. Signore, Good Design Practices for GMP Pharmaceutical Facilities, 2016
The early primary containment focus was on powders, as it was believed that airborne particulates represented the greatest risk of exposure to workers. Studies were conducted to determine why different compounds produced greater exposure risks when processed in identical equipment. The results of the studies concluded that particle characteristics play a critical role with airborne emissions in terms of particle size, shape, and density that directly impact the ability of the particle to become and stay airborne [1]. The “dustiness index” describes the results of testing dust, using a Heubach dust meter. The Heubach method most appropriately simulates the particle behavior characteristic of those generated during drug manufacturing processes.
Particle size segregation of bulk material in dustiness testers via DEM simulation
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
S. Wangchai, D. B. Hastie, P. W. Wypych
Dust generation is a common occurrence in many bulk material applications. The emission of dust during handling is dependent on factors such as the type of material, size distribution of generated particles, and properties of the material (Wypych and Cooper 1995). Some of the issues associated with dust generation or emissions include health effects on workers, environmental pollution, and the wear of machinery (Hjemsted and Schneider 1996; Hamelmann and Schmidt 2005; Wypych, Cook, and Cooper 2005). One method of quantifying the dustiness of a material is by performing dustiness testing (e.g., rotating drum methods) (Hjemsted and Schneider 1996; Breum 1999).