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Health Effects
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
The aerodynamic diameter of particles is the primary determinant of respiratory deposition. Deposition occurs by inertial impaction, sedimentation, and diffusion. Impaction is particularly effective in the particle size range of 5–10 μm; sedimentation at 3–5 μm; and diffusion at less than 0.1 μm.
Erosion by Water: Amendment Techniques
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, 2020
Soil erosion by water and wind is a worldwide problem. For example, approximately 36 billion tons of soils were removed from global lands in 2012.[1] Soil erosion is perhaps the major environmental threat to profitability, sustainability, and resilience of world agriculture. This entry focuses on soil erosion by water and its control with various amendment techniques. Soil erosion by water is defined as the amount of soil lost or removed in a specified time over an area of land by the action of raindrops and surface flow of water. Fundamental erosion processes involve detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles by the two erosive agents. Detachment is the dislodging of soil particles from the soil mass, which is bound together by physical and chemical bonding forces. Transport is the movement of detached soil particles over the soil surfaces. Deposition is the downward motion of sediment particles settling out of the surface flow of water. Deposition occurs when sediment load in the surface flow is greater than the maximum carrying capacity of the flow due to a decrease in surface flow power or velocity.
Health Effects Due to Particle Matter
Published in Ko Higashitani, Hisao Makino, Shuji Matsusaka, Powder Technology Handbook, 2019
Yasuo Morimoto, Toshihiko Myojo
There are ranges of variability of deposition for a given aerodynamic diameter in each lung compartment. The particles are deposited in the lung by the following four mechanisms: 1.Sedimentation: The deposition is proportional to the particle speed of settling (proportional to aerodynamic diameter squared) and to the time for settling. 2.Internal impaction: The deposition is also proportional to the particle speed of settling and air velocity, especially where the flow line changes direction. 3.Brownian displacement: The deposition of small particles of less than 0.1 µm in size is governed by diffusional force. 4.Interception: The deposition is provided by the geometric dimensions of a particle following an air stream line.
Principal component analysis of climatological impact on rooftop solar power plant installed in Western India
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Rana Mukherji, Manishita Mukherji
The dust density on the panels is directly proportional to the decrease in power generation. This is because it not only obstructs the incoming solar radiation but also overheats the panels which further lower the efficacy of the SPV plant. The extent of the deposition is dependent upon local climatological factors such as air pollution, precipitation, ambient temperature, sandstorms, etc. (Chen et al. 2020). Among the major air pollutants, PM2.5 and PM10 are the crucial parameters impacting generation. It has been reported that the amount of PM10 in the atmosphere influences the deposition rate of particles on the panels (Jaszczur et al. 2020). Temperature inversion increases the concentration PM10 during winters (Cáceres et al. 2015). A similar pattern has been observed in the current study (Figure 6), wherein the content of PM10 in negatively impacting the power generation especially in winters due to higher dust deposition. Similar patterns are also observed with PM2.5 particles (Sun et al. 2018). The AQI, in addition to PM2.5 and PM10, is also influenced by the content of NO2 and SO2 in the ambient atmosphere. A relationship amongst the SPV generation and content of NO2 and SO2 is depicted in Figure 7. The NO2 and SO2 concentration has been reported to cause weathering and yellowing of the panels (Lyu et al. 2020); thereby reducing its life, and, hence, the generation efficacy.
Understanding present-day stress in the onshore Canning Basin of Western Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2021
A. H. E. Bailey, A. J. M. Jarrett, E. Tenthorey, P. A. Henson
The Canning Basin initiated as an intracratonic rift and sag basin during the Early Ordovician (Figure 2), with shallow marine to marginal conditions present across much of central and northern Australia. Individual depocentres developed as a result of several major recognised phases of evolution (Figures 1, 2 and 4) (Department of Mines & Petroleum, 2014; Hashimoto et al., 2018; Kennard, 1994; Nicoll et al., 1994; Totterdell et al., 2014; Towner & Gibson, 1983; Veevers, 1976). The Middle–Late Triassic is acknowledged as the major period of deposition in the onshore basin (Figure 2) and minor cover deposition occurred during the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (Department of Mines & Petroleum, 2014). Deposition occurred in a range of marine and non-marine environments, including fluvial, evaporitic, eolian, fluviodeltaic, paralic, carbonate reef and marine shelf.
Dry deposition of ammonia around paddy fields in the subtropical hilly area in southern China
Published in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2020
Yuchen YI, Jianlin SHEN, Chaodong YANG, Juan WANG, Yong LI, Jinshui WU
In view of the fact that the atmospheric N deposition of other active N species (e.g., ammonium-N and nitrate-N in rainfall and in aerosol, nitric acid gas) in the study region was also higher (Wang et al. 2017; OuYang et al. 2019), the NH3 deposition combined with other reactive N deposition around the sources will result in N enrichment around the emission sources. The resulting ecological and environmental effects thus can not be ignored. For the farmland around the sources, atmospheric N deposition is an important source of N (Wang et al. 2017), and thus needs to be considered in N nutrient management. For natural ecosystems such as woodlands and shrubs, large amounts of N deposition will bring many negative impacts on the environment, such as soil acidification, biodiversity reduction, weeds growing around farmland, and increasing soil N2O emissions (Liu et al. 2011). Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to optimize the application of N fertilizer in farmlands, so as to reduce NH3 emissions, and to alleviate the adverse environmental effects caused by NH3 deposition.