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Measurement Methods
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
This section describes general methods to be used when collecting soil samples for field screening or laboratory analysis, according to U.S. EPA soil sampling operating procedures [18]. These methods are used primarily to collect surface soil samples (soils between the ground surface and 6–12 inches below ground surface) and shallow subsurface soil samples (soils extending from approximately 12 inches below ground surface to a site-specific depth at which sample collection using manual collection methods becomes impractical). Thick, matted root zones, gravel, concrete, or other non-soil materials present at or near the surface should be removed before the sample is collected. Following any removed materials, the depth measurement for the sample can be taken beginning at the top of the soil horizon. Soil for VOC analyses may be retrieved using any of the soil sampling methods detailed below [18,19].
Computer-Assisted Site Characterization: Environmental Data Management, Analysis, and Visualization
Published in Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Remediation of Hazardous Waste Contaminated Soils, 2018
Peter J. Pace, Kevin M. Savage
Identification and quantification of sources of error within the data is not easy. Environmental contamination data may be quite variable; potential sources of this variability include (1) environmental variability, (2) bias, precision, and accuracy, (3) statistical bias, (4) random sampling errors, and (5) gross errors and mistakes.6 Environmental variability is directly a function of characteristics of the site, and it may be controlled by such variables as position relative to pollution sources, nonuniform distribution of contamination on the site, temporal fluctuations in surface or groundwater levels, and temporal fluctuation in contaminant concentration. Bias, precision, and accuracy reflect analytic error. Bias is a consistent under- or overestimation of the true value, precision is a measure of the closeness of agreement among individual measurements, and accuracy is the closeness of the individual measurements to the true value. Statistical bias and random sampling errors are variations based on the sample population selected for analysis. Gross errors and mistakes may occur during sample collection, laboratory analyses, data reduction, and statistical analyses.
Advances in Managing Agricultural Chemicals in Ground Water at the Farm Level
Published in Richard C. Honeycutt, Daniel J. Schabacker, Mechanisms of Pesticide Movement into Ground Water, 1994
During the last decade, protocols for conducting comprehensive ground water studies have been developed.5,8 Such studies consist of following the behavior of an agricultural chemical in both soil and ground water. Soil cores are used to follow the movement and degradation in the unsaturated zone, and shallow monitoring wells are installed and sampled to provide the same information for the saturated zone. In some studies, EPA requires the use of soil-suction lysimeters to provide a more sensitive indication of movement in subsoils. Advances in sampling techniques have contributed to the conduct of such studies. Manual procedures are now available for collecting soil samples as deep as 7.6 m9 or installing wells in the upper 6 m of sandy aquifers when the water table is less than 7.6 m below the soil surface.10 Drilling equipment is needed to collect deeper soil samples or install deeper wells. Because of the nature of the agricultural chemicals under study, a wider range of sampling equipment and techniques are often suitable compared to other situations where ground water monitoring must be performed (such as in hazardous waste cleanups).
Microbial community biomass and structure in saline and non-saline soils associated with salt- and boron-tolerant poplar clones grown for the phytoremediation of selenium
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Sadikshya R. Dangi, Gary Bañuelos, Jeffrey S. Buyer, Bradley Hanson, James Gerik
Soil samples for microbial and chemical analyses were collected in May 2013 from the three poplar clones (13–366, 345–1, and 347–14) grown at both saline and non-saline sites. Samples were collected from each replicate within three randomly selected blocks. The top 5 cm of soil was collected with a trowel and the 5–30 cm depth was collected with a 2.5-cm diameter step probe. Soil samples were placed in sealed plastic bags and stored in dry ice in an insulated cooler immediately after collecting and then returned to the laboratory where they were placed in a −20°C freezer until being analyzed. Samples for the soil chemical analysis were collected from 0 to 30 cm at the beginning and the end of the evaluation period to provide information on the changes in soil salinity.
Comparisons of the effects of different drying methods on soil nitrogen fractions: Insights into emissions of reactive nitrogen gases (HONO and NO)
Published in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2020
Dianming WU, Lingling DENG, Yanzhuo LIU, Di XI, Huilan ZOU, Ruhai WANG, Zhimin SHA, Yuepeng PAN, Lijun HOU, Min LIU
Soil samples were collected in September 2018 in Shanghai, representing farmland, forest, and grassland, separately. More detailed information is provided in the supplementary material (Text S1). A stainless-steel shovel was used to collect soil samples at 0–5 cm. At least three sampling points were collected to get a mix of samples. Each soil sample was collected with three replicates. Therefore, we obtained 36 samples in total. Soil samples were placed in sterile plastic bags after collection and immediately transported to the laboratory in an ice box.
Determination of PAEs in soil of municipal wards of Patna, India by microwave assisted extraction and LC-MS/MS
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2019
Preety Sinha, Aseem Kumar Anshu, Mini Tiwari, Md. Yasir Ahmad
Soil samples were collected from 22 municipal wards of Patna selected randomly. Major dumpsites located from each Municipal ward were selected as sampling sites for collection of soil samples. For collection of soil samples, the ground surface was dug up to 30 and 50 cm depth, and 100 g of soil samples from each depth was collected in different glass bottles from each sampling site. The samples were immediately transported back to laboratory and stored in deep fridge at −20°C for further analysis.