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Future Modelling Applications
Published in Vanesa Magar, Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics Modelling for Coasts and Shallow Environments, 2020
Cliffs can suffer erosion at the foot from wave action, tides and storm surge, overall erosion from the effect of the wind, sliding of the cliff, and changes of cliff slope due to waterlogging. Cliff stabilisation can be achieved by placing revetments at the foot of cliffs to protect them from geotechnical instabilities by dewatering the soil at the top of the cliff to reduce waterlogging and the probability of sliding or collapsing of the cliff (Mangor et al. 2017) or by artificial smoothing of the slopes (as has been done, for instance, in Point Grey, see https://web.viu.ca/earle/pt-grey/gvrd-pg-document-full.pdf). Some cliffs may not need protection when they are composed of a noncohesive material and rocks; the cliff slope will naturally erode slowly, and the cliff material falling at the foot of the cliff will provide some natural protection against storm waves. Engineering works to protect a cliff are more necessary when the cliff material consists of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and rock. Different aspects of coastal cliff modelling are addressed by Castedo et al. (2017) and references therein.
Coastal engineering and management
Published in David R. Green, Jeffrey L. Payne, Marine and Coastal Resource Management, 2017
Cliff stabilisation covers a range of measures designed to reduce or eliminate cliff falls and landslides. Cliff stabilisation can therefore tend to reduce the amounts of sediment supplied to the coastal system. Measures might typically include the installation of surface or ground water drainage systems and/or slope regrading
Reliability analysis of soil nail internal limit states using default FHWA load and resistance models
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2019
Soil nails have been widely used for cliff stabilization, coastal erosion mitigation, riverbank embankment and flood protection, and landslide repair along shorelines or within coastal zones (e.g., Barret et al. 2011; California Coastal Commission 2017; Natoli, et al. 2017; Griggs 2005; Griggs et al. 2005; Zelo et al. 2000). The current design practice of soil nail walls is commonly carried out within the deterministic allowable stress design (ASD) framework. In the ASD framework, the factor of safety (FS) is used as an indicator for the margin of safety for a limit state, where FS is defined as the ratio of nominal resistance over nominal load. Minimum FS values currently recommended for soil nail wall design can be found in, e.g., CIRIA C637 (Phear et al. 2005), Geoguide 7 (GEO 2008), and FHWA (Lazarte et al. 2015). These FS values are incarnations of several decades of engineering experience on design of soil nail walls since 1972 when the first soil nail wall in the world was built (CLOUTERRE 1991). They implicitly represent the margin of safety that the code development committee deem acceptable for soil nail reinforcing structures. Logically, this margin of safety should be continuously and consistently reflected in any soil nail wall design frameworks under development, e.g., reliability-based design (RBD).