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Immobilized Enzyme-Based Biocatalytic Cues
Published in Ram Chandra, R.C. Sobti, Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation, 2019
Muhammad Bilal, Shahid Mehmood, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) play an integral part in the socioeconomic development worldwide. Previous studies revealed some drug effluents in groundwater with significant undesirable effects (Izah et al., 2016). PPCPs exaggerated in the environment cause microbes inhibition, unpleasant odor, and reduction in the cell-aqueous phase transfer rates. The biomedical or pharmaceutical industries waste comprising infectious waste, anatomical waste, medical waste, genotoxic waste, chemical waste, heavy metal waste, and radioactive waste may cause ecotoxic damage and carcinogenic consequences. Many conventional biological technologies have been used for the eradication of waste material containing carbon and nitrogen compounds. However, these eradication technologies were found insufficient for a lot of chemical waste extermination. The breakthroughs in PPCP wastes are that removal efficiencies of every product are different and specific eradication technology is used for specific waste products (Kanu and Achi, 2011).
Antineoplastic Drugs and Other Chemical Wastes
Published in Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon, Infectious and Medical Waste Management, 2018
Peter A. Reinhardt, Judith G. Gordon
EPA regulates chemical waste if it has a hazardous characteristic or is listed in 40 CFR 261.* Lists are principally used to regulate toxic chemicals. (See Table 11.1.) Chemical waste that has one or more of the described characteristics or is on one of EPA’s lists is legally identified as hazardous waste. (The term “hazardous waste” is frequently used generically for waste that has some hazardous properties, an interpretation wider in scope than EPA’s legal definition. In this chapter, “hazardous waste” refers only to waste meeting EPA’s definition.) Note also that only waste is regulated in 40 CFR 260-270; unused materials and surplus drugs that may be used further, for example, are not wastes and therefore are not regulated. An expired drug that cannot be used or a chemically contaminated disposable item would be defined as waste.
Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
Published in Vera M. Kolb, Green Organic Chemistry and Its Interdisciplinary Applications, 2017
Chemical waste is generated virtually in every existing laboratory, such as in the teaching and research laboratories, and in the various industrial settings. If chemical waste is hazardous, its separation from the desired product(s), any further treatment, and the final disposal may require special handling and protective gear and equipment. The latter are often cumbersome to use, are expensive, and may be subject to failure, causing accidents. Hazardous waste is generally costly to dispose of. Also, as discussed in Chapter 1, the waste material that has been disposed of in a presumably safe manner may later be released to the environment via processes that were not initially anticipated. Thus, if there was no hazardous and toxic waste to begin with, it would be the best in terms of health, environment, and economy. Even nonhazardous waste is undesirable, because its separation and removal from the desired product(s) still cost energy and time, and possibly require the use of solvents and other auxiliary substances, some of which may be hazardous.
Sustainable utilization of energy from waste: A review of potentials and challenges of Waste-to-energy in South Africa
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Oluwatobi Adeleke, Stephen A. Akinlabi, Tien-Chien Jen, Israel Dunmade
Waste generated in South Africa is of two categories: general waste and hazardous waste. The general waste comprises waste streams like domestic waste, Commercial and Industrial (C & I) waste, Construction and Demolition (C & D) waste, organic waste, organic waste, paper, plastic, packaging waste, tyre, etc. Hazardous waste is composed of asbestos waste, chemical waste from laboratories, health care risk waste, etc. Table 3 represents the percentage composition of different streams of general waste generated and the heating value of waste at different municipalities in South Africa and South Africa at large. Waste category “other” in the general waste streams comprised waste electronic products, furniture or bulky waste, ceramics, diaper, and sanitary products, roofing sheet, and other composite waste.
A natural dye extracted from the leaves of Mimusops Elengi Linn and its dyeing properties on cotton and silk fabrics
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Shahin Hossain, M. Abdul Jalil, Shafat Ahmed Bin Kamal, Abdul Kader
However, recent studies revealed that many synthetic dyes have adverse effect on human health and environment and suggested to avoid them (Mongkholrattanasit et al., 2011a; Bhuiyan et al., 2018). The production of synthetic dyes having some serious disadvantages, such as the synthetic procedure is unfriendly to environment owing to the fact that dye synthesis requires the use of strong acids, alkalis, solvents, high temperatures, and heavy metals. Furthermore, disposal of the chemical waste is of great concern for the environment as the toxicity of synthetic dyes is becoming increasingly important from the consumers’ point of view. Some synthetic dyes are carcinogenic especially aromatic azo-dyes which degrade to aromatic amines that highly carcinogenic. Synthetic dyes are also a big threat for the environment and harmful to aquatic lives if they discharge untreated into the water bodies.
Current status of soil and groundwater remediation technologies in Taiwan
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
In 1987, the TEPA urged the local governments to report all documented dumping sites used for the illegal disposal of waste to create a database. 168 illegal dumping sites were investigated by the TEPA in the year 2004 for the purpose of designing appropriate remediation strategies (The Working Group on Remediation for Soil and Groundwater Pollution of Asia and Pacific Region, 2016c). Additionally, 175 illegal deposit sites were registered according to data from the year 2009 (The Working Group on Remediation for Soil and Groundwater Pollution of Asia and Pacific Region, 2011b). 17 of the 175 sites were categorized as A-class, while the remaining 158 sites were ranked as lower contaminating risk classes C and D. The responsibility among others was ascribed to a plastic-stabilizer producing plant that discharged wastewater containing cadmium and lead (Chen 1991). Moreover, mercury sludge, chemical waste, and numerous drums filled with, upon discovery, unidentified content was found in areas in Taiwan. The remediation of illicit waste sites appears to be challenging since the hazardous contaminants are of complex nature.