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Filter Integrity Testing
Published in Maik W. Jornitz, Theodore H. Meltzer, Sterile Filtration, 2020
Maik W. Jornitz, Theodore H. Meltzer
The rise is governed by the propensity of the liquid to wet the solid capillary surface, expressed by cos θ, where θ is the angle of wetting or the contact angle, a measurement that reflects the avidity of liquid-solid attraction. This can be considered an adhesive force that bonds the water layer to the glass layer. When the wetting is perfect, the angle of wetting is zero. When the attraction is less than perfect (mirroring differences in the cohesive energy densities between the liquid and solid molecules, i.e., adhesion<cohesion), the liquid tends to form droplets. Within a tube, a nonwetting liquid exhibits a convex meniscus, the upper curve of the free-falling drop. Where perfect wetting exists and the wetting angle or contact angle θ is zero, cos θ has a value of 1 (Fig. 7-4).
Water Migration and Swelling in Engineered Barrier Materials for Radioactive Waste Disposal
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2021
Joanna McFarlane, Lawrence M. Anovitz, Michael C. Cheshire, Victoria H. DiStefano, Hassina Z. Bilheux, Jean-Christophe Bilheux, Luke L. Daemen, Richard E. Hale, Robert L. Howard, A. Ramirez-Cuesta, Louis J. Santodonato, Markus Bleuel, Daniel S. Hussey, David L. Jacobson, Jacob M. LaManna, Edmund Perfect, Logan M. Qualls
where =height of the wetting front =fluid viscosity =radius of the capillary =surface tension of the fluid =time after the first contact with the water =contact angle between the two materials =constant referred to as the sorptivity.16–18
Electrohydrodynamic drying: Theory and experimental validation
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Tadeusz Kudra, Alex Martynenko
Because ionic wind has convective nature, the EHD drying is the surface phenomenon, but at least 3–4 times more efficient than mechanically-induced convective drying.[5] The nature of this phenomenon is still unknown. Several hypotheses were proposed so far: effect of ionic wind on boundary layer at the gas–material interface, ions hydration, capillary surface tension and polarization of water molecules at the material surface.[6] Unfortunately, systematic research of this topic is still lacking.