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Ground motion InSAR monitoring for the protection of Baia Roman Thermae (Naples, Italy)
Published in Renato Lancellotta, Carlo Viggiani, Alessandro Flora, Filomena de Silva, Lucia Mele, Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites III, 2022
G. Leoni, F. Ferrigno, P.M. Guarino, L. Guerrieri, F. Menniti, D. Spizzichino, P. De Martino, M. Di Vito, E. Gallocchio, F. Pagano, M. Salvatori
This area, located on the western side of the Phlegrean Fields volcanic district, is affected by an intense bradyseism: an exceptional example of volcanic-related subsidence with unrest cycles characterized by a slow uplift and sinking of the caldera floor. The geological setting is characterized by a sequence (from the bottom to the top) of volcanic breccia, pyroclastic deposits and surge deposits. The Thermae were built up on a steep slope, facing the Baia harbor, adapting the imperial villas to exploit natural hot springs with pipes, tanks and domes, with the aim of preserving hydrothermal properties. The peculiar setting of the cliff, always requested a heavy control, to preserve the terraces from potential instability phenomena, which depend mainly on the steepness of the slope, and on the lack of ordinary management and maintenance of the area (e.g., invasive vegetation, absence of drainage system).
Physics of the Globe
Published in Aurèle Parriaux, Geology, 2018
Rupture zones in the crust are regions where lava is able to reach the surface. Shaking comes principally from mechanical reactions to rising magma, explosion of plugs that block the magmatic conduit, and abrupt outbursts of gas, etc. They can also occur later as a caldera forms due to subsidence of a part of the cone, or to the collapse of the roof of the magma chamber. The volcanic region of Campi Flegrei, west of Naples, is of particular interest to show the link between volcanic activity and earthquakes. The region is known for its Solfatara crater, which gave solfataras (emissions of sulfurous gas) their name. The region is a series of adjacent volcanoes of different ages; the most recent, Monte Nuovo, formed in 1538. These volcanoes tend to collapse to form calderas, causing continuous subsidence and sometimes an uplift of the ground. In the port of Pozzuoli, this movement is apparent from the sites of the Roman market and the Temple of Serapis, which lay below sea-level in the 1980s. From 1982 onwards, the sites were uplifted, showing that the tendency was reversed. Uplift suddenly accelerated in October 1983. In a few days, the sites at Pozzuoli rose by 1.8 m, as a violent earthquake shook the historic center (Fig. 4.9). The Temple of Serapis also rose above the water during this event; the presence of lithophage marks shows the partial immersion of the temple’s columns. This subsidence and upheaval phenomenon linked to gas and magma pressure in the volcanic chamber is called bradyseism.
Physics of the Globe
Published in Aurèle Parriaux, Geology, 2018
Rupture zones in the crust are regions where lava is able to reach the surface. Shaking comes principally from mechanical reactions to rising magma, explosion of plugs that block the magmatic conduit, and abrupt outbursts of gas, etc. They can also occur later as a caldera forms due to subsidence of a part of the cone, or to the collapse of the roof of the magma chamber. The volcanic region of Campi Flegrei, west of Naples, is of particular interest to show the link between volcanic activity and earthquakes. The region is known for its Solfatara crater, which gave solfataras (emissions of sulfurous gas) their name. It is made up of a series of adjacent volcanoes of different ages, of which the most recent, Monte Nuovo, formed in 1538. These volcanoes tend to collapse to form calderas, causing continuous subsidence and sometimes an uplift of the ground. In the port of Pozzuoli, this movement is apparent from the sites of the roman market and the Temple of Serapis, which laid below sea-level in the 1980s. From 1982 onwards, the sites were raised upwards showing that the tendency was reversed. Uplift suddenly accelerated in October 1983. In a few days, the sites at Pozzuoli rose by 1.8 m, as a violent earthquake shook the historic center (Fig. 4.9). The Temple of Serapis also rose above the water during this event; the presence of lithophage marks shows the partial immersion of the temple’s columns. This subsidence and upheaval phenomenon linked to gas and magma pressure in the volcanic chamber is called bradyseism.
Wavelet-like denoising of GNSS data through machine learning. Application to the time series of the Campi Flegrei volcanic area (Southern Italy)
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2023
Rolando Carbonari, Umberto Riccardi, Prospero De Martino, Gianpaolo Cecere, Rosa Di Maio
The proposed methodology was tested on daily GNSS vertical time series recorded in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area (Naples, Italy). This is a restless caldera, characterized by the bradyseism phenomenon, with repeated uplift episodes followed by subsidence periods. Several significant uplift episodes occurred in the last 100 years (namely the bradyseismic crises of 1950–1952, 1969–1972, and 1982–1984), with a total vertical displacement of about 4.3 m in Pozzuoli (Del Gaudio et al. 2010) (Figure 5). Since 2005, a new uplift phase has been observed and is still ongoing, with different rates over time (De Martino et al. 2021). The resulting total uplift recorded at the RITE GNSS station located in Pozzuoli is about 1 m. The ground deformation pattern, captured by GNSS data, shows a high degree of symmetry (bell-shaped geometry (Figure 5(b))), with a central sector where the RITE, ACAE and SOLO GNSS stations are located (Figure 5(a)), and where the maximum vertical displacements are observed, which decrease as one moves away from the caldera centre. The uplift phases are generally characterized by increased seismicity and high degassing activity; this is also the case at present (Chiodini et al. 2012, 2016; Giudicepietro et al. 2021; Tramelli et al. 2021, 2022). For this reason, the Campi Flegrei volcanic area is a suitable site to test our algorithm, as the availability of reliable GNSS data in this context is of crucial importance for both volcano monitoring and hazard assessment (Rosi et al. 2022).
The Dome of the Temple of Diana in Baiae: Opus Caementicium, Geometry and Mechanics
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2021
By assuming that the Diana’s dome lost its compressive hoop forces, due to a combined effect of horizontal earthquake excitations and vertical bradyseism settlements, fracture paths are expected to have been formed which isolated some slices, by also inducing the collapse of some of them. The dome of the temple of Diana can be analysed as either a complete dome (with reference to its design) although damaged by meridian cracks, or as an apse cracked structure, by considering the half dome survived in its present condition. In the first case, the dome can be imagined as composed of a series of arches obtained by slicing the dome with meridian planes (Figure 36a). In the second case, the apse structure is supposed to be formed by adjacent and parallel arches. The analysis of the apse structure is performed by considering the simplified geometry plotted in Figure 36b.
Mapping of seabed morphology of the Bagnoli brownfield site, Pozzuoli (Napoli) Bay, Italy
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Di Martino Gabriella, Innangi Sara, Passaro Salvatore, Sacchi Marco, Vallefuoco Mattia, Tonielli Renato
The Bagnoli brownfield site is located in the E sector of the Pozzuoli Bay and belongs to the Campi Flegrei, an active volcanic district located at the northwestern limit of the metropolitan area of Napoli, Italy (Figure 1). The area is characterised by the occurrence of several volcanic centers (e.g. caldera collapse, spatter cones, tuff cones, tuff rings) that have been active during the past 30,000–40,000 years, and a significant volcanic activity during the last 10,000 years [4,5] (Monte Nuovo eruption is the last eruptive event dated 1538; [6]). The area of Campi Flegrei is also characterised by the presence of active seismicity, hydrothermal activity [7–14], including interaction between volcanic rocks and groundwater circulation [15] and severe ground deformation phenomena, known as bradyseism ([16–18] and references therein).