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Source parameters and scaling relation of the Baikal rift's earthquakes
Published in Rajib Biswas, Recent Developments in Using Seismic Waves as a Probe for Subsurface Investigations, 2023
Anna A. Dobrynina, Vyacheslav V. Cheptsov, Vladimir A. Sankov, Vladimir V. Chechelnitsky, Rajib Biswas
For the comparison, Figure 11.11b shows the averaged regression relationships “seismic moment – local magnitude” for the zones with the different tectonic regimes: the zones of extension of the lithosphere (the Baikal rift system, North Sea rift, Greece, the Basin and Range Province);the compression zones (Canada, Italy): log(M0) = (1.29 ± 0.04) ⋅ ML + (9.70 ± 0.07);the shear zones – the large transform faults (the San Andreas [California], the Alpine fault [New Zealand], the North Anatolian fault [Turkey]): log(M0) = (1.34 ± 0.04) ⋅ ML + (9.48 ± 0.04);the transform fault complicated by the pull-apart system (the system Dead Sea – the Jordan transform fault [Israel]): log(M0) = (1.25 ± 0.08) ∙ ML + (10.29 ± 0.06);and the relict subduction zone (the Vrancea zone): log(M0) = 1.00 ⋅ ML + 10.39.
Landslide types and geomorphic impact on river channels, Southern Alps, New Zealand
Published in Jan Rybář, Josef Stemberk, Peter Wagner, Landslides, 2018
The Coleridge Creek landslide deposit lies at a distance of ~15 km to the Alpine Fault. Several collapse features or remnants thereof can be traced along the valley floor, all of which are associated with conspicuously sharp-angle joint/cleavage- bounded headscarps on south facing rock slopes. We attribute these forms to successive large-scale bedrock wedge failures. They exhibit a hummocky surface and a crude surficial drainage system, such as the deposits near Dirty Creek (“f” and “d” in Fig. 3), where they exhibit superposition by snow avalanche and debris flow cones. Coleridge Creek essentially is a crudely funnel-shaped arrangement of bedrock sluices and snow avalanche chutes that are fringed with several perched nests of boulder lag, and converge into a small torrential stream draining the northern flank of the landslide deposit.
Geological, geochemical and geophysical characteristics of geothermal fields
Published in D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh, Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation, 2008
D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh
Low-enthalpy geothermal systems are distributed over a large area in New Zealand and include (1) geothermal waters with discharge temperature of 90 °C and less occurring in the North and South islands; (2) high-enthalpy systems (>150 °C) along the margins of the Taupo volcanic zone (TVZ); (3) low-enthalpy systems with discharge temperatures of 120–160 ° C, available from abandoned hydrocarbon wells, and (4) geothermal hot water systems heated near the surface. These systems are associated with four major tectonic settings characterized by (1) subduction related volcanism in the TVZ; (2) intraplate volcanism associated with rifts; (3) fault zones within the North island fore-arc; and (4) Alpine fault zone in the South island fore-arc (Reyes and Jongens 2005). New Zealand has an installed geothermal capacity of 308 MWe. A generalized tectonic setting and the distribution of geothermal areas in New Zealand is shown in Figure 5.1.
Classical Temples and Industrial Stores: Survey Analysis of Historic Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Precincts to Inform Urban Seismic Risk Mitigation
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Stacy Vallis, Francisco Gálvez, Moustafa Swidan, Caroline Orchiston, Jason Ingham
The Alpine Fault extends for more than 500 km from the Puysegur Trench, located within the south-western corner of the South Island until it branches into a group of faults north of Arthur’s Pass (Zachariasen et al. 2006) (Figure 1). The Alpine Fault is a source of major earthquakes of moment magnitude larger than eight and recurring intervals ranging between 100–280 years (Wells et al. 1999), with the most recent earthquake having occurred in 1717. Today, a major earthquake occurring along the Alpine Fault is a plausible scenario. Attention is also being paid to the Waitaki Fault system that includes the Waitaki, Waitangi, Dryburgh, Clarkesfield, Stonewall, and Fern Gully faults, for example, that have active traces and present the possibility of generating seismic activity as close as 20 km from Oamaru (Forsyth 2001). The three townships of Oamaru, Winton, and Invercargill face the risk of seismic activity as a result of their geographical location with respect to the Alpine Fault (Figure 1a). Urban-scale seismic assessment of historical centers ideally requires detailed datasets to address combined interests in building damage, debris, and cordoning, along with the impact on building occupants and longer-term effects on trade and tourism (Boştenaru, Armas, and Goretti 2014). In an effort to obtain such information, the aforementioned townships were recorded via drone and geocoded photography, prior to producing three dimensional representations for post-site analysis.
Economic systems modelling of infrastructure interdependencies for an Alpine Fault earthquake in New Zealand
Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2018
Garry W. McDonald, Nicola J. Smith, Joon-Hwan Kim, Charlotte Brown, Robert Buxton, Erica Seville
The Alpine Fault runs for approximately 600 km along the spine of the Southern Alps in New Zealand’s South Island (Figure 2). It is the boundary of the Tasman (Australian) and Pacific plates. The fault has ruptured four times in the past 900 years, each time producing a magnitude > 8Mw earthquake. Horizontal movement is 30 m per 1000 years (considered relatively fast), while vertically it is estimated to have lifted around 20 km over the last 12 million years with only fast-pace erosion keeping the highest point just below 4000 m. It has a very high probability of rupturing, estimated at 30 percent in the next 50 years (Robinson et al. 2015). It is likely that an Alpine Fault rupture would produce an earthquake among the largest felt since European settlement.
Past large earthquakes on the Alpine Fault: paleoseismological progress and future directions
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2018
Jamie D. Howarth, Ursula A. Cochran, Robert M. Langridge, Kate Clark, Sean J. Fitzsimons, Kelvin Berryman, Pilar Villamor, Delia T. Strong
The Alpine Fault is the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates in southern New Zealand. The fault is a transform structure joining the opposing Hikurangi and Puysegur subduction zones and represents significant localisation of strain (Norris and Cooper 2007). The Alpine Fault was first recognised by Wellman and Willett (1942) and in 1949 Wellman presented the offset of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt Terrane to argue for 480 km of dextral displacement on the fault. At the first order, the Alpine Fault is a remarkably straight feature that strikes at c. 055° transecting the western South Island. Slip on the fault is oblique along its length with varying components of dextral strike-slip and reverse dip-slip that is typically accommodated in a narrow < 50 m zone of fault gouge and cataclasite (Norris and Cooper 2007).