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Heterotrophic Culturing of Microalgae
Published in Stephen P. Slocombe, John R. Benemann, Microalgal Production, 2017
Roberto E. Armenta and Zhiyong Sun
Water-soluble vitamins, mostly from the B complex, are also needed to reach and maintain high performance by microalgal cultures. For example, vitamin B12 is needed because it is involved in cell metabolism affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, as well as fatty acid synthesis and energy production (Croft et al. 2006). This B vitamin needs to be added to the fermentation media because only bacteria are able to produce it, and normally, bacteria are completely excluded from the process. One rationale behind the concept of nonaxenic or consortia cultures, where microalgae and bacteria can coexist in nonsterile fermentations, is that bacteria can provide vitamin B12 to the algae in exchange for carbon substrates from the microalgae (Croft et al. 2005). However, such bacterial growth must be controlled to avoid bacterial fermentation taking over the culture and slowing down or stopping microalgal growth.
Innovation and Challenges in the Development of Functional and Medicinal Beverages
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Zanariah Hashim, Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh, Eraricar Salleh
Another type of vitamin B is Vitamin B6. This vitamin’s activity is shown by pyridoxine which consists of three different compounds that are pyridoxol, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Generally, Vitamin B is essential energy production by helping in converting food into energy and helps in maintaining the brain function. Vitamin B is important in neurologic and for various nervous system functions, and it also helps to produce an essential protein [33].
Smartphone-Based Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Diagnostics
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Vitamin B12 is compulsory for the generation of red blood cells, neural myelination, brain development, and DNA formation in the human body. Poor vitamin B12 level is associated with anemia, cognitive impairments, paresthesia, muscle weakness, and behavioral changes. To curb the limitations to the diagnosis of such micronutrient deficiencies concepts of nanotechnology have been applied. A “NutriPhone” mobile platform has been developed for POC assessment of vitamin B12. The testing system consists of a smartphone accessory with a smartphone application and test strip. In this process, test strips are prepared by using the monoclonal anti-vitamin B12 IgG conjugated with Au NPs (anti-B12-Au NP). During the testing, at first, blood samples are directly dropped onto the test strip's inlet. During this period, sample B12 interacts with anti-B12-Au NP. After 4 min, the user applies chase buffer droplets following which subtle change in the colorimetric signal can be observed in the subsequent 6 min. In this process, a silver enhancement solution is used for signal amplification. Then, the test strip is introduced to the NutriPhone accessory for measurement. An inbuilt smartphone application captures and processes the image to calculate vitamin B12 concentration in real samples with respect to the calibration curve. It is important to note that the complete process takes less than 15 min for detection in sub-nmol/L ranges [19]. Similarly, an Au NP (size ~40 nm) conjugation kit has been developed for the smartphone-based measurement of serum ferritin levels from a drop of blood sample [20]. Recently, a POC testing device has been developed for hematocrit level detection in human blood samples by using the gray-scale-valuation (GSV) method. With the help of an image processing program, the device can successfully determine hematocrit levels varying from 10% to 65%. By applying the concept of microfluidic effect, a quick and sensitive colorimetric POC testing device has been developed here, showing promises of convenient and accurate measurement of hematocrit of human blood [21].
Mechanistic links between vitamin deficiencies and diabetes mellitus: a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Tajudeen O. Yahaya, AbdulRahman B. Yusuf, Jamilu K. Danjuma, Bello M. Usman, Yahaya M. Ishiaku
Vitamin B12, otherwise called cobalamin because it contains cobalt, is a water-soluble vitamin [28]. It is the most studied and structurally complex of the B-vitamins, and found in all cells where it is involved in DNA synthesis, optimal hemopoiesis, and neurological activities [28]. Vitamin B12 and some other B-vitamins lower homocysteine levels – an amino acid that predisposes to T2DM by promoting oxidative stress, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction [29,30]. Depletion of vitamin B12 may lead to pernicious anemia, which is often associated with T2DM. The deficiency of vitamin B12 is also linked with autoimmune diseases, including T1DM [28]. Vitamin B12 is abundant in animal products such as meat, milk, eggs, poultry, eggs, and fish [31]. These show that individuals following vegan diets are more at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency [31]. Many studies have linked vitamin B12 deficiency with the pathogenesis of DM. In one study, vitamin B12 deficiencies in pregnant women were linked with obesity, a risk factor of both TIDM and T2DM [32]. In another study, an association was established between maternal vitamin B12 levels and risk of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus [33]. In a clinical trial, vitamin B12 therapy improved insulin resistance and endothelial function [34]. Additionally, low vitamin B12 levels were linked with an increased risk of adiposity [35]. Vitamin B12 modulates several cellular processes, particularly epigenetic changes that are necessary for gene expression. Some of these pathways may be involved in the fetal metabolic configuration that predisposes offspring to insulin resistance [32]. The mechanistic links between vitamin B12 deficiency and DM are summarized in Figure 2.