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Lignocellulosic Waste Availability for Microbial Production of Fuels, Biochemicals, and Products
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
F. A. F. Antunes, A. P. Ingle, P. Abdeshahian, D. R. Ribeaux, C. A. Prado, S. S. Muñoz, F. G. Barbosa, T. R. Balbino, M. J. Castro-Alonso, R. Reyes-Guzman, G. L. Arruda, M. M. Cruz-Santos, E. Mier-Alba, T. M. Rocha, E. D. Ruiz, Y. C. S. Melo, M. L. S. Cunha, J. C. Santos, S. S. da Silva
The history of wood as fuel is rooted since the first appearance of fire. Since ancient times, trees have provided material for several types of tools, for construction, and to make fire, which allowed man adaptation to relatively cold climates and, consequently, to the conquest of the world (Jones and Sandberg, 2020). Thus, throughout ancient history until the contemporary era, wood has been part of every civilization in the world. Thus, wood fuel has the potential to contribute to a cleaner environment based on the use of biomass as a renewable source and the CO2-neutral supply of energy (Singh et al., 2021a). Moreover, the specific applications will depend on different factors related to the type of wood (Table 1.1)
Renewables—The Future’s (only) Hope!
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
Wood fuel may be available as firewood, charcoal, chips, sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used depends on the source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood. A few tools are needed to gather larger quantities of wood.
Alternate Feedstocks
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
As the refining industry evolves even further and, in many cases away from natural gas and crude oil as the major feedstocks, a variety of biomass and waste-derived feedstocks will be used as feedstocks fuel production and this may be no more evident than the use of biofeedstocks for gasifier units. Moreover, gasification is (i) a well-established technology, (ii) has broad flexibility of feedstocks and operation, and (iii) the most environmentally friendly route for handling these feedstocks for power production. A wide variety of biofeedstocks such as wood pellets, wood chips, waste wood, plastics, municipal solid waste (MSW), refuse-derived fuel (RDF), agricultural and industrial wastes, sewage sludge, switch grass, discarded seed corn, corn stover, and other crop residues will all be used as gasifier feedstocks. In fact, wood is the oldest known biofuel. Burning wood rather than fossil fuels can reduce the carbon dioxide emissions responsible for global climate change. Wood fuel is carbon dioxide (CO2) neutral. It gives off only as much carbon dioxide when burned as it stores during its lifetime. In addition, wood fuel has very low levels of sulfur, a chemical that contributes to acid rain.
Physico-chemical characterization of selected feedstocks as co-substrates for household biogas generation in Ghana
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2023
Blissbern Appiagyei Osei-Owusu, Martina Francisca Baidoo, Richard Arthur, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng
Reliance on fossil fuels is becoming increasingly unsustainable due to ecological and environmental issues. Also, people in rural regions are mostly known for their usage of woody biomass, typically in the form of charcoal or firewood for cooking purposes. Sharma, Pareek, and Zhang (2015) have reported that the global contribution of biomass to total energy consumption is between 75% and 90%, with 40% of people using agricultural biomass such as wood fuel and charcoal to meet household energy needs. However, there are consequences for the environment and human health. Also, liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and biomass-based energy sources like charcoal, have continually been substituted for one another significantly, especially in Ghana. This is frequently brought on by price shocks and, more significantly, by sporadic shortages of LPG in the Ghanaian market. Additionally, low disposable incomes in urban and rural populations make the fuel transition from wood biomass less likely. It is necessary to investigate and utilise eco-friendly renewable energy sources, in order to relieve households of their need to purchase LPG regularly. Environmentally friendly and sustainable renewable energy alternatives, such as biogas from anaerobic digestion process is being recommended to address the issue.
Pollutant Emissions from Improved Cookstoves of the Type Used in Sub-Saharan Africa
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
E.J.S Mitchell, Y. Ting, J. Allan, A.R. Lea-Langton, D.V. Spracklen, G. McFiggans, H. Coe, M.N. Routledge, A. Williams, J M. Jones
Measurements were made of the particle number emission factors. Dry wood fuel and charcoal have emission factors of 7.8–9.8 × 1015 particles/kg. Wet wood in the Gyapa and Carbon Zero stove, straw in the Carbon Zero stove and pellets in the gasifier stove have high emission factors of around 14–16 × 1015 particles/kg. The data obtained are given in Table 4.
Process optimization of conventional steam distillation system for peppermint oil extraction
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Efficiency is the ratio of output to input. The yield of peppermint oil is the output and heat energy of wood fuel is the input in this case. Thermal efficiency of the system is evaluated as Eq. (3) (Dejchanchaiwang et al. 2019):