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Surface Preparation
Published in Karan Sotoodeh, Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, 2023
Sa 3 is known as the highest grade of blast cleaning to “pure metal” or “white metal.” This grade of blast cleaning removes all loosely and tightly adhering materials as well as stains, streaks and shadows. Finally, the surface is cleaned with a vacuum cleaner, clean dry compressed air or a clean brush. The metal surface after blasting to Sa 3 is completely and uniformly gray, as illustrated in Figure 2.46. White metal is specified for steel materials that are exposed to high temperature, high pressure and a corrosive environment, and in cases where coating failure can cause catastrophic consequences, such as nuclear reactors.
Materials and the Sources of Stresses
Published in Neville W. Sachs, Practical Plant Failure Analysis, 2019
There are many generic or slang terms used for metals in industry. Some of the more common ones are: Black iron − as in “Black Iron Pipe” − is ordinary low carbon mild steel pipe usually with cast ductile iron fittings. White metal was originally a term used to describe any of several tin, lead, and antimony alloys used for babbitt bearings. Now frequently used to refer to any cast aluminum, zinc, and magnesium alloys. A 36 plate − Refers to ASTM A 36 steel plate. A low carbon good quality mild steel with a minimum yield strength of 36,000 psi. (250 MPa) Wrought iron − Many years ago it was a very low carbon steel that was not very strong but easily worked. Today it is a generic term for mild steel. Cast steels can have basically the same properties as wrought steels with the same chemistry. Low alloy steels − Steels with less than 6% alloying elements High alloy steels − Stainless and other specialty steels generally with more than 10% alloying elements.
Future of photovoltaic materials with emphasis on resource availability, economic geology, criticality, and market size/growth
Published in CIM Journal, 2023
G. J. Simandl, S. Paradis, L. Simandl
Cadmium is a silver-white metal (Figure 4d) with atomic number 48. It is chemically similar to Zn and mercury (two adjacent metals within group 12 of the periodic table). It has an oxidation state of + 2 in most of its compounds. Because Cd is a nonbiodegradable toxic substance affecting almost all life forms (including humans), contamination of the environment during mining, extraction, recycling, or disposal of Cd-containing waste is a major environmental concern (Chellaiah, 2018; Suhani, Sahab, Srivastava, & Singh, 2021). Occupational safety and health aspects related to Cd are covered by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2022b). As a relatively low-cost material (Table 1), Cd is used mainly for manufacturing Ni-Cd batteries. Other end uses include CdTe for thin-film solar cells (PVs), radiation-detecting imaging equipment, metal alloys, anticorrosive coatings, stabilizing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and pigments (Callaghan, 2022).
Mine-to-smelter integration framework for regional development of porphyry copper deposits within the Chilean context
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2022
R. Wilson, K. Perez, N. Toro, R. Parra, P. J. Mackey, A. Navarra
An interesting approach is to implement the decoupling concept at the regional scale, whereby individual smelters that produce intermediate matte are located at, or near a collection of, mine sites which collectively feed regionalised converting facilities. Matte products that reach Cu concentrations of 70–78% are called white metal [40], hence the term ‘white metal economy’ can be applied to this type of proposed mine-to-smelter integration. Immediate advantages of the regionalised decoupling concept include: (1) elimination of bottlenecks created by conventional batch conversion cycles, thereby increasing individual smelter availability; (2) the ability to implement control strategies, such as stockpiling and blending practices, in order to mitigate operational risk at regionalised converting plants; (3) a reduction in transportation costs between mine sites and primary smelting operations due to improved feasibility of small-scale plants, and; (4) improved SO2 offgas capture, acid production and overall energy efficiencies. Additional benefits could also be garnered by keeping primary smelting facilities and related acid plants closer to the source mine sites, particularly when the orebodies are hosted within or proximal to carbonate (limestone) successions which can be used as a neutralising agent (buffer); however, depending on location, shipment of acid may be problematic.
Rejection of antimony and bismuth in sulphide flotation – a literature review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2021
Leanne Kathleen Smith, Warren John Bruckard, Graham Jeffrey Sparrow
Small amounts of native antimony can be found in association with other antimony minerals. It is a tin-white metal with a Moh hardness of 3–3.5 and a density of 6.6–6.7 g.cm−3. The flotation behaviour of native antimony has not been studied in any detail. However, since arsenic is a semi-metal like antimony, the flotation behaviour of native arsenic may hold some similarities. The flotation response of arsenic as a function of pH and Eh has been reviewed by Bruckard et al. (2007). Oberbillig (1964) reported on plant practice treating the Hermada antimony ore from Idaho. This ore contained appreciable amounts of native antimony. It was observed that native antimony was more difficult to float than stibnite, but that increased additions of xanthate and an activator (lead acetate) led to higher recoveries.