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Simultaneous Optimization of Water and Energy in Integrated Water and Membrane Networks
Published in Iqbal M. Mujtaba, Thokozani Majozi, Mutiu Kolade Amosa, Water Management, 2018
Esther Buabeng-Baidoo, Thokozani Majozi
There are two major approaches adopted in addressing water network synthesis: insight-based techniques and mathematical model–based optimization methods. Insight-based techniques involve the water pinch analysis, which is a graphical method based on the concept of a limiting water profile that is the most contaminated water that can be fed into a particular operation. This method was first proposed by Wang and Smith.12 Hallale13 then proposed a graphical method based on non-mass transfer operations with single contaminants. Recent studies have extended water pinch analysis to algebraic methods, primarily water cascade analysis.14,15 The water pinch method proves unsuccessful for complex problems involving multiple contaminants16 and various topological constraints.4 The computation burden of this method is, however, lower than that experienced by mathematical model–based optimization methods.
Water Optimization in Process Industries
Published in Prasenjit Mondal, Ajay K. Dalai, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources, 2017
Elvis Ahmetović, Ignacio E. Grossmann, Zdravko Kravanja, Nidret Ibrić
This section presents a brief description of systematic methods based on water-pinch analysis and mathematical programming, which are used for water network design. Water-pinch technology/analysis (Wang and Smith 1994a,b; Wang and Smith 1995) is a graphical method, which represents an extension of pinch analysis for heat integration (Linnhoff and Hindmarsh 1983). It consists of two phases, namely, targeting and design. Assuming a single contaminant, the main goal of the targeting phase is to determine the minimum freshwater consumption (maximum water reuse) (Doyle and Smith 1997) before a water network design, while within the design phase, a water network is constructed, satisfying the minimum freshwater consumption. Also, water-targeting models for multiple contaminants have been proposed, based on mathematical programming, in order to perform simultaneous flow-sheet optimization (Yang and Grossmann 2013).
Chemical conditioning of drinking water to reduce Ca precipitation using water pinch methodology for sources with different Ca and Mg hardness composition
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Juan Ernesto Ramírez Juárez, Alba Nélida García Beltrán, Anuard Isaac Pacheco-Guerrero, Ángel Alfonso Villalobos de Alba
The mixture of sources of drinking water with different Ca and Mg concentrations could change the Ca/Mg ratio. Usually, Ca concentration is higher with respect to Mg concentration (Ahmad et al. 2020); then, sources with higher Mg concentration are needed. After that, an appropriate scheme that gives both quality and quantity to fulfil the demand flow and obtain a Ca/Mg ratio that reduce the precipitation is needed. A technique used in industrial water network design is the water pinch technique with the aim to calculate minimum water flow rate required to reduce the contaminant concentration to an acceptable level through the addition of an external source with a zero concentration of contaminant (Wang and Smith 1994; Bagajewicz 2000; Bai, Feng, and Deng 2010; Bandyopadhyay, Ghanekar, and Pillai 2006; Bandyopadhyay 2006; Fan et al. 2016; Hu, Feng, and Deng 2011; Guelli et al. 2011; Klemeš et al. 2018; Khezri et al. 2010; Manan, Wan Alwi, and Ujang 2006; Mohammadnejad et al. 2012; Parand et al. 2014; Tan, Manan, and Foo 2007). Minimums of freshwater target and flow through the process units can be obtained in designs based on this methodology; this also reduces the network capital cost. The design of the minimum freshwater network uses the Nearest Neighbour Algorithm (NNA) to construct the minimum freshwater network which chose the nearest available neighbours in terms of chemical species concentration of the sources to satisfy a particular water demand (Prakash and Shenoy 2005). Several purposes have been developed by this methodology, such as the integration of water pinch analysis coupled with footprint concepts for sustainable water management in the brick-manufacturing industry (Skouteris et al. 2018), as well as the reduction of water consumption and wastewater production at a refinery (Mohammadnejad et al. 2012), at petrochemical industries (Mughees, Al-Ahmad, and Naeem 2013) and at food industry (Nemati-Amirkolaii, Romdhana, and Lameloise 2019). However, this technique has not been used to promote the chemical conditioning of potable water to reduce Ca saturation in the mixing of sources with different compositions. In addition, water pinch procedure could be adapted with the aim to enhance the chemical conditions (Ca/Mg ratio with low Ca precipitation) of the mixing of potable water sources to obtain an efficient water supply system in terms of low salts precipitation and reducing the need of water treatment. On the other hand, several designs for water distribution systems have been developed considering aspects such as cost minimization for the design of potable water distribution networks focused on optimal designs based in demand and pressure driven context (Geem 2006; Suribabu and Neelakantan 2006; Ilemobade and Stephenson 2006; Creaco, Franchini, and Walski 2014; Chandramouli 2015; Manolis, Sidiropoulos, and Evangelides 2021; Moosavian and Jaefarzadeh 2013). Nonetheless, designs including water chemistry have not been developed.