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Synthesis of LDH for Photocatalytic Removal of Toxic Dyes from Aqueous Solution
Published in Satya Bir Singh, Prabhat Ranjan, A. K. Haghi, Materials Modeling for Macro to Micro/Nano Scale Systems, 2022
Rasna Devi, Dipshikha Bharali, Ramesh Chandra Deka
Textile dyeing industry dates back to almost 4000 years ago when the color used was only from natural sources. Natural coloring agents are mainly of inorganic and organic origin. Inorganic colors were mainly extracted from inorganic sources such as clays, earth, metal salts, minerals, and stones, while organic dyes were extracted from animal and plant sources. Some of the dyes used in ancient time are tyrian purple, cochineal (animal dyes); Alzarin (madder), Yellow, and indigo (plant dyes). Some dyes were extracted from organisms like lichens, insects and shellfish. For example, tyrian purple or mauveine, whose structure was first identified as 6, 6′-dibromoindigo (Scheme 5.1) by Paul Friedländer in 1909 required 12,000 Murex brandaris snails to produce 1.4 g of pure pigment. This may be the reason why the clothes dyed with tyrian purple were exclusively kept for high royalty people like kings or emperors. Even today although tyrian purple can be synthesized in laboratories, it is as expensive as the natural one.
Colorants, Pigments, and Dyes
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
Archaeologists have discovered that pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in a cave at Twin Rivers, near Lusaka, Zambia. Biological pigment, e.g., Tyrian Purple, is made from the mucus of Murex snail. Production of Tyrian purple for use as a fabric dye began as early as 1200 BC by the Phoenicians, and was continued by the Greeks and Romans until 1453 CE, with the fall of Constantinople (Kassinger, 2003). Since the pigment was quite expensive, it became associated with power and wealth. Two of the first synthetic pigments were white lead (basic lead carbonate (Pb(OH)2.
Light-Sensitive Materials: Silver Halide Emulsions, Photoresist, and Photopolymers
Published in Daniel Malacara-Hernández, Brian J. Thompson, Advanced Optical Instruments and Techniques, 2017
Sergio Calixto, Daniel J. Lougnot, Izabela Naydenova
The earliest observations of the influence of sunlight on matter were made on plants and on the coloring of the human skin [5]. In addition, in ancient times, people who lived on the Mediterraean coast dyed their clothes with a yellow substance secreted by the glands of snails. This substance (tyrian purple) develops under the influence of sunlight into a purple-red or violet dye. This purple dyeing process deserves much consideration in the history of photochemistry. The coloring matter of this dye was identified as being a 6-600 dibromo indigo.
An excited state coupled-cluster study on indigo dyes
Published in Molecular Physics, 2021
Marvin H. Lechner, Frank Neese, Róbert Izsák
As a final touch, we also measured the absorption spectrum of a commercially available Tyrian purple dye in chloroform. The natural dye is a mixture of different isatinoids, indigoids, and indirubinoids [83], whose composition may naturally vary between different batches and types of shellfish used in the production process. Based on our results, the shoulder in Figure 5 at about can be assigned to the indigoids, for which we indicated the 0–0 transitions (see Figure S3 of the Supplementary Material for measured and computed spectra of indigo in chloroform). Based on the spectral data from Ref. [83], the highest peak in Figure 5 corresponds to the region where the indirubinoids absorb visible light. Note that the isatinoids do not absorb in the energy range shown in Figure 5. Thus, to reproduce the full spectrum of this particular mixture, the spectra of the indirubinoids would also need to be calculated and the concentrations of the components would also need to be known. While this is out of the scope of the present study, we feel that the accuracy of our method has been demonstrated and its practical utility is well illustrated by our contribution to the study of indigoids in general and Tyrian purple in particular.