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Environmental Impact Metrics
Published in John Andraos, Synthesis Green Metrics, 2018
Determine the acids produced when the following compounds decompose in water. Acetic anhydrideChlorineMethyl chloroformateCarbon dioxideDiphosgenePhosphorus oxychloridePhosgeneSulfur dioxideSulfur trioxideTriphosgene
l-Glutamic Acid): Efficient Carrier of Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Guodong Zhang, Edward F. Jackson, Sidney Wallace, Chun Li
Direct phosgenation of γ-benzyl-l-glutamate produces the corresponding NCA monomer.5,6 In this reaction, γ-benzyl-l-glutamate is suspended in a dry inert solvent such as ethyl acetate, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran, and it is allowed to heterogeneously react with the cyclizing reagent that is normally triphosgene. Researchers have used both the protic and aprotic initiators in the polymerization of γ-benzyl-l-glutamate NCA monomer.7 Protic initiators such as primary amines are acylated by attack on the 5-position of the NCA, whereas aprotic initiators such as tertiary amines and alkoxides act as general bases. The ring-opening polymerization of NCA initiated by amines usually produces polymers with relatively broad molecular weight distributions. To circumvent this problem, Deming8 developed the zero-valence nickel catalyst bipyNi(COD) (bipy: 2,2′-bipyridyl; COD: 1,5-cyclooctadiene) to initiate polymerization of NCAs. The active sites derived with this initiator are less accessible to side reactions when compared with that derived with amine initiators because of steric and electronic effects, resulting in polymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn, 1.05–1.15).
An insight on the different synthetic routes for the facile synthesis of O/S-donor carbamide/thiocarbamide analogs and their miscellaneous pharmacodynamic applications
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Faiza Asghar, Bushra Shakoor, Babar Murtaza, Ian S. Butler
In pharmaceutical candidates, agrochemicals, and material science, urea and carbamate are essential functional groups. Although a number of environmental friendly methodologies for the synthesis of urea derivatives and carbamates have recently been synthesized, such as oxidative carbonylation of amines and dialkyl-based exchange processes, a standard method for rapid library synthesis of urea and carbamate involves the use of a transfer reagent such as phosgene, triphosgene, 1,1-carbonylimidazole, carbonylimidazolium salt, chloroformates.