China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Biofuels Production Processes and Technologies
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Franziska Müller-Langer, Marco Klemm, Jens Schneider, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
OMEs can be produced from synthesis gas via methanol or dimethyl ether as intermediates. Firstly, methanol has to be dehydrogenated into formaldehyde. This process is conducted industrially with mixtures of methanol, air, and steam (Reuss et al. 2000). Formaldehyde in aqueous solution is subsequently converted into trioxane in an acidic-catalyzed reaction (Grützner et al. 2007; Burger et al. 2010). Besides trioxane, dimethoxymethane (DMM, is OME with i = 1) has to be produced from formaldehyde and methanol, for example, by a heterogeneously catalyzed reactive distillation (Masamoto and Matsuzaki 1994).
Synthesis of Reactants and Intermediates for Polymers
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Formaldehyde is employed as a basic unit for many industrial adhesives such as the phenolic plastics formed from reaction of phenol and formaldehyde. It also serves as one of the reactants in the formation of amino plastics in the production of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and resins. Formaldehyde can self-condense, forming the cyclic trimer trioxane and the polymer paraformaldehyde. It is industrially produced from the catalytic oxidation of methanol. In turn, hexamethylenetetramine is produced by the condensation of ammonia and 30% aqueous formaldehyde (formalin).
Speciation and Heat Release Studies during n-Heptane Oxidation in a Motored Engine
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Elyasa Al-Gharibeh, Steven Beyerlein, Kamal Kumar
Oxygen-containing heterocycles have been the subject of renewed interest (Blin-Simiand et al. 1998; Wang et al. 2018, 2019) in combustion chemistry. These species provide information related to the earlier stages in the oxidation sequence (Walker and Morley 1997). Although this work focused on quantitation of stable intermediates with straight-chain oxygenated structures, various five and six-membered heterocyclic intermediates were also detected. The chemical structures of these compounds are provided in Figure 15. It is important to note that the identification of this class of compounds occurred with a relatively lower certainty compared to the other species listed in Table 2. Previous work (Szybist et al. 2007) has identified the di-ketone species (2,5-heptanedione) in the CFR engine’s exhaust gas in similar experiments. However, they reported a lack of a good match with the NIST mass spectral libraries for this peak. In this work, no di-ketone intermediates were identified based on the matching with the libraries. However, we also report the identified species’ molecular formulas since they hold higher certainty than the exact structure identification. Lastly, a potential source for forming the compound 1,3,5-Trioxane (C3H6O3) could be through oligomerization of formaldehyde molecules (Kubisa and Vairon 2012).