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Environmental Aspects and Analysis of Phenols in the Aquatic Environment
Published in B. K. Afghan, Alfred S. Y. Chau, Analysis of Trace Organics in the Aquatic Environment, 2017
Phenols have a broad spectrum of toxicity due to their varied uses and the nature of the substituents in environmentally important phenols. Some phenolic compounds are known to impart objectionable odor and taste to water at the ppb level. Others such as 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol are classified as suspected carcinogenic compounds in drinking water.13 Oilman et al.3 has documented the impact of chlorophenols on man and his environment. Environment Canada14 has tabulated the toxicity of chlorinated phenols to organisms in the aquatic environment as shown in Table 1. This table indicates that the acute toxicity of chlorophenols is high to aquatic organisms and less so to terrestrial biota.
Organic Compounds in Raw and Finished Waters
Published in Samuel D. Faust, Osman M. Aly, Chemistry of Water Treatment, 2018
That chlorophenols occur in contaminated surface waters in substantial quantities and frequency was reported for several rivers in the Netherlands. Typical data are seen in Table 2.26 for the Rhine River.109 2,6-Dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol occur with the greatest frequencies and have the highest concentrations. Industrial and/or municipal wastewater discharges were undoubtedly the sources of these chlorophenols. Pentachlorophenol is used extensively as a wood preservative. Its occurrence in natural aquatic environments is almost ubiquitous.110
Correlations Among Contaminant Profiles in Mill Process Streams and Effluents
Published in Mark R. Servos, Kelly R. Munkittrick, John H. Carey, Glen J. Van Der Kraak, and PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS, 2020
Thomas E. Kemeny, Sujit Banerjee
Chlorophenol analysis was limited to the following congeners: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 3,4,6-trichloroguaiacol, 3,4,5-trichloro-guaiacol, 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol, tetrachloroguaiacol, 3,4,6-trichlorocatechol, 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol, tetrachlorocatechol and trichlorosyringol. A typical detection limit for each congener was 2.5–5.0 μg L−1. Analysis of volatiles was restricted to methylene chloride, acetone, chloroform, 2-butanone and acrolein (summer only). The principal analytical methods used are summarized in Table 2.
Application of a PLA/PBAT/Graphite sensor obtained by electrospinning on determination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Mario Cezar Pozza Junior, Andressa Giombelli Rosenberger, Franciele Fernanda da Silva, Douglas Cardoso Dragunski, Edvani Curti Muniz, Josiane Caetano
One of the most dangerous chlorophenols used by the agrochemical industry is 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), a semi-volatile compound used as a pesticide, antiseptic and wood protector, shows carcinogenic potential to humans, in addition to having adverse effects on the nervous system, and disorders in the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastric and intestinal systems [10]. In addition to the risk of dispersion of this compound by industry or agriculture, there is still another process capable of offering risks related to supply waters, which is the set of reactions where the free residual chlorine, from the disinfection process in capture stations, establishes with aromatic, carboxylic and phenolic functional groups present in the environment, where 2,4,6-TCP is a secondary product of the chlorination of waters containing phenols [11,12].
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Numerous reports have revealed the toxic influence of chlorophenols. PCP is a known culprit and its use has been restricted for several decades now in most countries for its carcinogenic nature. Being an environmental toxin, it is included in the Priority-Pollutants List of the USEPA and of the European Union and classified as a probable human carcinogen. Based on a survey performed between 2002 and 2005, the US national Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals showed the presence of 2,4,5-TCP and PCP in blood serum of individuals. The exposure of a cell to such chlorinated compounds results in enhanced DNA damage such as double or/and single strand breaks or DNA-base oxidation (Valic et al., 2004). Similarly 2,4-D, a herbicide widely-used in agriculture, which is manufactured from 2,4-dichlorophenol, has potential for genotoxicity (Charles, Hanley, Wilson, Van Ravenzwaay, & Bus, 2001; Tuschl & Schwab, 2003). Tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ), a metabolite of PCP in the liver, has potential to enhance toxicity and carcinogenity of PCP, as it is capable of inducing oxidative damage to cellular DNA (Umemura et al., 1999). Exposure of humans to 2,4,6-trichlorophenol via inhalation has been reported to cause respiratory problems, altered pulmonary functions and pulmonary lesions. Out of these, PCP is considered to be the most hazardous, as products containing PCP may form highly-toxic substances when they are incinerated, releasing dioxins, considered to be one of the most dangerous substances in the world (Figure 11).
Ring-opening pathway of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol initiated by OH radical: an insight from first principle study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2020
Subrata Paul, Ramesh Chandra Deka, Nand Kishor Gour, Abhishek Singh
Among the various CPs, 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (2, 4, 6-TCP) is extensively used in both household as well as industrial sectors such as in the production of 2, 3, 4, 6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, and as a germicide, glue and wood preservative, and ant mildew agent [15,16]. Therefore, it is widely present in soils, surface waters, and groundwater. Chlorophenols namely pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2, 3, 4, 6-TeCP); 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (2, 4, 6-TCP), 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenol (2, 4, 5-TCP) and 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP) are considered carcinogenic to human health by the International Agency for Research on Cancers (IARC) [17,18]. It is also reported that the consumption of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol leads to an increased incidence of lymphomas, leukemia and liver cancer [19–21].