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Phenols
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Leszek Wachowski, Robert Pietrzak
Chlorophenols and their derivatives find application as fungicides, bactericides, and selective weed killers. Alkyl phenols make an important group synthetic tanning agent, and triphenyl phosphate is a plasticizer. Phenolic derivatives are among the most important contaminants in the environment. These compounds are used in several industrial processes to manufacture pesticides, explosives, drugs, and dyes. They are also used in the bleaching process of paper manufacturing. Apart from these sources, phenolic compounds have substantial applications in agriculture as herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. However, phenolic compounds are not only generated by human activity but also formed naturally, e.g., in the process of decomposition of leaves or wood.
Optimisation of an RO-Based Wastewater Treatment Process Using Genetic Algorithms
Published in Mudhar Al-Obaidi, Chakib Kara-Zaitri, I. M. Mujtaba, Wastewater Treatment by Reverse Osmosis Process, 2020
Mudhar Al-Obaidi, Chakib Kara-Zaitri, I. M. Mujtaba
Chlorophenol is one of the phenolic compounds which can be found in trace concentrations in effluents of several applications such as petroleum processing and disinfectant, pesticide, herbicide, and plastic production. Al-Obaidi et al. (2017) developed a one-dimensional distributed model (Model IX, Chapter 5) for a spiral wound RO system to predict the performance of chlorophenol removal from wastewater. The model was validated against experimental data and showed good agreement. The model was then used to carry out a multi-objective optimisation using simple genetic algorithm. Both single-objective optimisation and multi-objective optimisation problems were considered. The single-objective optimisation problem was used to maximise chlorophenol rejection, while the multi-objective optimisation was used to maximise chlorophenol rejection and minimise the operating pressure for a set of variable feed concentrations.
Environmental Aspects and Analysis of Phenols in the Aquatic Environment
Published in B. K. Afghan, Alfred S. Y. Chau, Analysis of Trace Organics in the Aquatic Environment, 2017
Chlorophenols are manufactured by the direct liquid-phase chlorination of phenol. The process known as the Boehringer Process involves the use of iron salt as catalyst with low heat, 157°C and high pressure, 19.5 atmospheres:
Comparison of activated carbon and low-cost adsorbents for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from wastewater using Aspen Adsorption and response surface methodology
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Hassnain A. Yasir, Sharif H. Zein, Mathew C. Holliday, Khalaf J. Jabbar, Usama Ahmed, A. A. Jalil
These chlorinated organic compounds are hazardous and toxic to numerous target organisms and human beings. So, it is essential to minimise their concentrations at safer values. When discharged into the receiving water body, these toxic compounds affect the ecological balance. Chlorinated organic compounds can display significant resistance to biological and chemical degradation. Therefore, reducing the concentration of chlorinated organic compounds, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol in bleached kraft pulp mill wastewater, is required before discharging to a receiving water body. Chlorophenols are toxic to human beings and aquatic life. They are a harmful compound proven toxic even at 0.1 ppm level for many water organisms. Additionally, it has a highly disagreeable taste and order in water even at 0.01 ppm level [5]. The permissible limit of 2,4-dichlorophenol in fish, water flea, and freshwater algae is in the range of 1.2–14 mg/L [6].
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Chlorophenols are a group of man-made chemicals that have been traditionally used as pesticides or converted into pesticides. They find use as preservatives for textiles and leather materials to protect from fungi and bacteria during storage and transport. Chlorophenols may at times be present as impurities from raw materials used in production of dyes. Some chlorophenols are used as preservatives in print pastes. They can be produced and found in wastewater after bleaching processes with elemental chlorine for textiles, paper or during disinfection of wastewater and drinking water (https://mrsl.roadmaptozero.com, https://www.afirm-group.com/chemical-information-sheets). Because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, chlorophenols have been used as preservative agents even in non-textile products such as wood and paints. However, many of the chlorophenols pose a health hazard due to their toxicity to various organisms. Some of them have been classified as endocrine disruptors, affecting oestrogen levels and the thyroid. Above a certain level of exposure, they can be toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. They are even feared to have carcinogenic properties (by certain agencies), although more research is required to confirm this. Many apparel and footwear brands have banned the use of chlorophenols in the manufacturing of their products and legislation in major markets across the world restricts the presence of some chlorophenols in finished products (https://www.afirm-group.com/chemical-information-sheets).
Co-metabolic biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol by photosynthetic bacteria
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Binchao Lu, Liang Wang, Xin Zheng, Zhongce Hu, Zhiyan Pan
Chlorophenols are a significant type of xenobiotics because they have extensive uses, including applications in the production of economically important chemicals such as dyes, herbicides, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, lubricant additives, and wood preservatives [1]. Chlorophenols are also byproducts of the chlorination process that is used to disinfect surface water and wastewater. The chlorination process can cause harm to environs that receive treated water, leading chlorophenols to become common estuarine pollutants [2]. Because of their persistence, chlorophenols affect surface water, groundwater, and soil for a long period after being released into the environment [3]. Chlorophenols are on the USEPA list of first priority pollutants due to their toxicity, recalcitrance, and carcinogenicity [4]. Therefore, it is necessary for related companies to remove chlorophenols before wastewater is discharged into the environment.