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Haloacetic Acids
Published in Pradyot Patnaik, Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 2017
Haloacetic acids are an important class of disinfection by-products that have been linked to bladder, kidney, and rectal cancers in human. These substances are produced along with a variety of other halogenated organic compounds during chlorination of natural waters. Because of their potential health effects and widespread occurrences, these substances are regulated in drinking water in the United States. The term haloacetic acids refer to the halogenated compounds of acetic acid, CH3COOH, in which the H atom(s) of the methyl group (–CH3) are replaced by one or more Cl or Br atom(s). Some common haloacetic acids found in chlorinated water include monochloroacetic acid (MCA), ClCH2COOH; monobromoacetic acid (MBA), BrCH2COOH; dichloroacetic acid (DCA), Cl2CHCOOH; bromochloroacetic acid (BCA), BrClCHCOOH; trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Cl3CCOOH; dibromoacetic acid (DBA), Br2CHCOOH; bromodichloro acetic acid (BDCA), BrCl2CCOOH; dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCA), Br2ClCCOOH; and tribromoacetic acid (TBA), Br3CCOOH.
Rapid removal of trace haloacetic acids from drinking water by a continuous adsorption process using graphene oxide
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Zhongmou Liu, Zhiruo Zhang, Juwei Peng, Jinghui Wu, Yang Huo
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during the treatment of drinking water is a significant cause for concern due to their long-term adverse health effects on humans. In particular, haloacetic acids (HAAs), a common and abundant class of compounds, are difficult to remove from drinking water due to their non-volatility and hydrophilicity, and possess potentially teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties [1]. HAAs can be generated from chloridization of natural organic matter in natural surface water, and it is widely found in the water treatment plant outlet and terminal drinking water [2,3]. Nine HAAs are commonly found in drinking water at ng L−1 or μg L−1 trace levels: monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA), dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA), and tribromoacetic acid (TBAA). Among them, MCAA, DCAA and TCAA are the most prevalent and have been shown to be more carcinogenic [4], and other 6 kinds of DBPs are not often detected in drinking water, and the levels are particularly low. In addition, chlorinated HAAs are more difficult to be removed by adsorption than brominated HAAs [5]. Based on the harm of HAAs, the World Health Organization has introduced regulations to limit concentrations of MCAA, DCAA and TCAA in drinking water lower than 20, 50 and 200 μg L−1, respectively [6].
Chlorination of L-tyrosine and metal complex: degradation kinetics and disinfection by-products generation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Tuqiao Zhang, Rongrong Jiang, Lei Fang, Xiaowei Liu, Lijie Jiang
L-tyrosine (L-Tyr, ≥99%), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 6%-14%), metal salts (Fe2SO4 (≥99%), MnSO4 (≥99%) and CaSO4 (≥99%)) and other chemical reagents of analytical reagent used were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). Methanol, acetonitrile, and methyl tert – butyl ether (MTBE) of chromatographic grade were supplied by Aladdin (Shanghai, China). TCM and nine haloacetic acids (Bromochloroacetic acid, Bromodichloroacetic acid, Chlorodibromoacetic acid, Dibromoacetic acid, Dichloroacetic acid, Monobromoacetic acid, Monochloroacetic acid, Tribromoacetic acid, and Trichloroacetic acid) of standard substance were obtained from TMstandard (Beijing, China). The N, N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine-free (DPD) chlorine reagent pack was obtained from HACH (Loveland, USA). All reagents were used directly without further purification. The ultrapure water was used in the experiment.
Effectiveness of Bio-Activated Carbon Filtration and Ozonation on Control of Halo Acetic Acids Formation during Chlorination of Ganga River Water at Kanpur, India
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2020
Nagasrinivasa Rao Naladala, Rambabu Singh, A.S. Venkatesh, P. Bose, Prasad Babu K, I. D. Narayan
Analytical reagent grade chemicals, high-purity gasses, deionized water from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, USA), 1 −2 dibromopropane and haloaceticacid mix (200 ppm), Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE) (HPLC grade, >99% purity), Methanol (HPLC grade, >99% purity), Copper-II-sulfate-V hydrate (>99% purity), Sodium sulfite (>98% purity), Anhydrous sodium sulfate (99.5% purity), Sodium bicarbonate (99.5% purity), Aluminum sulfate, Al₂ (SO4)3.18H2O (purity 99%), and neat compounds (>99% purity) of nine HAAs named monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), monobromoaceticacid (MBAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), tribromoacetic acid (TBAA), chlorobromo acetic acid (CBAA), dichlorobromoacetic acid (DCBAA), and dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA) were used in this experiment.