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Patterns of Daylight Illumination
Published in Lisa Heschong, Visual Delight in Architecture, 2021
In contrast to opaque materials, transparent materials allow all of the light that strikes them to pass straight through without absorption, reflection, distortion, or filtering. But no material is perfectly transparent. Pure water, which seems very clear indeed, still bends some the light as refraction, selectively absorbs some wavelengths such as red and UV more than others, and scatters other wavelengths, especially the shortest-wave blue light, which explains the deep blue of the deep-blue sea. Another very transparent material, the glass we use in windows, has a similar range of properties, slightly refracting the light, absorbing some wavelengths, reflecting others, and transmitting the remainder. Tints and coatings all change the recipe for which wavelengths will pass through the glass and which will be reflected or absorbed. Furthermore, some wavelengths are reflected more at shallow angles than when perpendicular to the surface of the glass. One of the key decision points in selecting glass for a daylit building is understanding how the glass interacts with the full spectrum of sunlight, from ultraviolet and all the visible wavelengths through infrared radiation.
Modeling Thermal Properties of Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanostructures
Published in Kun Zhou, Carbon Nanomaterials, 2020
These supreme properties make GE promising in replacing many other materials in the existing applications and enhancing their performances. Moreover, the combination of these properties would also give rise to many novel technologies. As stated by the Nobel laureate Novoselov et al., “the combination of transparency, conductivity and elasticity will find use in flexible electronics; whereas transparency, impermeability and conductivity will find application in transparent protective coatings and barrier films; and the list of such combination is continuously growing” [11]. Thanks to the rapid development in GE production techniques, the laboratory procedures capable of obtaining high-quality and large-scale GE are relatively simple and cheap now. It is believed that in the near future, GE will be developed for wide applications such as GE-based electronics [2,12], optics [12], spintronics [13], hydrogen storage [9], and composite materials [14,15], to name a few.
Applications: Engineering with Ceramics
Published in David W. Richerson, William E. Lee, Modern Ceramic Engineering, 2018
David W. Richerson, William E. Lee
Make a list of all the different ways that we use transparent materials. Could we have achieved all these application and products through the use of naturally occurring transparent solid materials? The answer is clearly no. Transparency to visible light is actually quite rare for naturally occurring solid materials. The examples that are most obvious are single crystals such as quartz and mica, but these are not abundant enough or large enough in size to meet our needs. Until modern plastics were developed in the early 1900s, our primary source of a transparent material was soda–lime–silica glass, which is a noncrystalline form of ceramic. Glass remains so important to us that more than 600 million t per year are produced worldwide, including a wide range of compositions beyond soda–lime–silica.2,23 Examples of specialty glasses include high-lead optical glass; high-silica and borosilicate low-thermal expansion glasses; electrical grades; fibers for polymer matrix composites; optical fibers; doped laser glasses; and many colored glasses for art, decorative containers, and glazes. Table 3.9 lists some of the diverse applications of transparent glass along with transparent synthesized single-crystal ceramics.
Effect of V-Groove Surface Pattern on the Tribological Properties of Epoxy
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2021
Byung Kook Kim, Kyeong-Hee Kang, Ming-Yu Gao, Jinseok Kim, Dae-Eun Kim
In addition to hardness, surface texture or pattern is an important variable that can influence the friction and wear properties of a mechanical component. Many studies showed that friction can be significantly lowered by texturing the surface to have a specific morphology. Essentially, the patterns serve to trap wear debris that can cause ploughing of the contacting surfaces as well as to retain lubricant for better supply to the sliding interface (26–28). In this regard, numerous studies have been conducted to assess the effects of surface patterning on the friction and wear of various types of materials. Though research efforts on epoxy composites reinforced by nanoparticles are substantial, tribological studies on the effect of patterning on the tribological behavior are relatively obscure. Research on the micro/nanopatterning on the polymer surface has been conducted mostly on engineering plastics, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, and polyimide, for applications other than tribology (29–34). These polymers are essentially transparent and are used for optical lenses, sensors, and bio applications (29–34). Epoxy is also transparent and moldable but is primarily used in areas that demand superior mechanical strength such as packaging and machine elements (35, 36). For example, its excellent moldability is exploited in the encapsulation process as a final step in manufacturing semiconductors (37–40).
Preparation and performance enhancements of wear-resistant, transparent PU/SiO2 superhydrophobic coating
Published in Surface Engineering, 2018
G. Luo, Z. Jin, Y. Dong, J. Huang, R. Zhang, J. Wang, M. Li, Q. Shen, L. Zhang
Transparency also is an important feature required for many domestic and industrial coating applications, including window shields, optical devices and solar cells coating etc. And transparency and surface roughness are generally competitive properties. The surface roughness can reduce the surface refractive index, and the surface roughness also becomes a source for light scattering, which would make the transmittance low. But the PU/SiO2 coatings have three-dimensional network structure making the light through. The percentage of the optical transmission of the PU/SiO2 composite modified coating and the SiO2 superhydrophobic coating has shown in Figure 5. We can know the PU/SiO2 coating has high transparency in the visible light (the wavelength 380–770 nm) when the surface roughness (Sa) was 332.5 nm. The average of the PU/SiO2 composite superhydrophobic coating light transmission 94.38% in the visible light is better than the SiO2 superhydrophobic coating.
Effect of nanofillers on radiation crosslinked natural rubber latex vulcanisates
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
Neethu Varghese, Siby Varghese, Shybi A.A, Thomas Kurian
Transparency is the degree to which light is allowed to pass through a material. For many applications, the transparency of films is an important factor because it affects the visibility through the product (26). The degree of transparency of RVNRL composites was measured by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer.