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Introduction to Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis (TEQA)
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA): Since 1976, the EPA has been given the authority to gather information on the toxicity and hazardous nature of individual chemicals. Chemical producers are required to supply information dealing with risk assessment of proposed products 90 days before proposed manufacture or import. Included in this information are chemical fate testing, environmental effects testing, and health effects testing.
Farnesene-Derived Polyolefin Base Oils
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Jeff Brown, Hyeok Hahn, Lynn Rice, Paula Vettel, Jason Wells
The lubricants industry has aligned on three key characteristics that define an environmentally friendly lubricant [1]: Biodegradability – To be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature. The most common lubricant specification for biodegradability is >60% biodegradation in 28 days by OECD 301 [2] or ASTM methods [3,4].Renewability – An organic natural resource that can replenish in due time compared to the usage. The typical lubricants specification for renewability is carbon content that is <5 years old by ASTM D6866 [5]. Most products must have a minimum value of 25% renewable content to be called renewable or bio-based [6].Toxicity – The degree to which a substance can damage an organism. There are many toxicity tests for lubricants, but most typically used are the OECD 201–203 [7–9] tests for acute toxicity and the OECD 210–211 [10,11] tests for chronic toxicity.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Adverse or toxic effects in a biologic system are not produced by a chemical unless that chemical or its metabolites reach appropriate sites in the body at a concentration and for a length of time sufficient to produce the toxic manifestation. Whether or not a toxic response occurs is dependent, therefore, on the chemical and physical properties of the toxic substance, the exposure situation, and the susceptibility of the biologic system. Thus, to characterize fully the potential hazard or toxicity of a specific chemical we need to know not only what type of effect it produces and the dose required to produce the effect, but also information about the chemical, the exposure, and the subject. The major factors that influence toxicity as it relates to the exposure situation for a specific chemical are the route and site of administration and the duration and frequency of exposure.
A brief insight into the use of plant products as green inhibitors for corrosion mitigation of aluminium and aluminium alloys
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2022
K Namitha, Padmalatha Rao, Suma A. Rao
Each year newer organic compounds are being prepared and selected for their anti-corrosive properties. However, it has been reported that [35] some organic inhibitors are toxic, and some are relatively costly. The toxicity of chemical compounds can cause adverse effects on the health of human beings or the environment. Toxicity may develop either during synthesis or applications. Inorganic inhibitors, particularly chromates, and their derivatives have high corrosion inhibition efficiency, but the negative impact is shown on human health and the environment [36]. Disposal of such components to the marine environment causes a threat to aquatic life. According to environmental regulation, the health of human beings and a safe environment is of primary importance. The safety of human health and the environment are primary important factors while selecting the inhibitors. Therefore, there is a continuous urge to use alternate inhibitors which are eco-friendly [37, 38].
An overview of development and challenges in hydrogen powered vehicles
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Seyed Ehsan Hosseini, Brayden Butler
The US DOE has set parameters for storage and system safety. For permeation and leakage, the system must fulfill SAE J2579 for system safety; for toxicity, the system must meet applicable standards; and failure analysis must be conducted and evaluated for the system. The permeation and leakage tests are for the entire storage system, rather than each component or storage material. The toxicity criteria are regulated by government standards such as the EPA’s Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory (TSCA Inventory) and the US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSHA). The safety instructions cover the transport system, manufacture, certification and operation of vehicles, fuel dispensing, and end of life issues, which each must comply with applicable federal, state, and local standards. The onboard storage systems should comply with SAE J2579 and the United Nations Global Technical Regulation No. 13 and the applicable standards for the country that the vehicle is deployed.
A human whole-blood model to study the activation of innate immunity system triggered by nanoparticles as a demonstrator for toxicity
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Kristina N Ekdahl, Karin Fromell, Camilla Mohlin, Yuji Teramura, Bo Nilsson
Further studies of the toxic effects of nanoparticles on human health are of outmost importance, especially since much of that knowledge still is lacking. However, one of the key challenges is to find a model that is sufficiently complex to generate relevant information about the toxicity of the NP under investigation. Various methods and experimental models are available for nanotoxicity testing. Today the toxicity testing methods are dominated by in vivo methods. Although in vivo studies allow toxicity testing of pathological changes, biodistribution, and clearance, they tend to be complicated and involves animal experiments that usually are both painful and stressful for the animals. In addition, due to species differences, the results obtained from animal models are of limited use for prediction of human disease. From this aspect, in vitro models may be advantageous, as results can be generated faster, at a lower cost, and the ethical issues are avoided. However, the vast majority of in vitro nanotoxicity assays used today has large limitations since they examine nanoparticle influence on a single, homogeneous, immortal cell type.