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Electrical and Optical Properties of Reactive Evaporated Indium Tin Oxide Films
Published in R D Tomlinson, A E Hill, R D Pilkington, Ternary and Multinary Compounds, 2020
S. Uthanna, B. Radha Krishna, K.T. Ramakrishna Reddy, B. Srinivasulu Naidu
Thin films of Indium tin oxide (ITO) have received much interest as transparent ohmic contacts connected with antireflection coatings because of their electrical and optical properties. Indium tin oxide is a degenerate semiconductor with low electrical resistivity and high optical transmission in the visible region made it useful for a wide range of optoelectronic applications such as liquid crystal displays, wall mounted televisions, solar cells etc. Several thin film deposition techniques such as reactive evaporation [1,2], activated reactive evaporation [3], reactive electron beam evaporation [4], laser evaporation[5], spray pyrolysis [6], sputtering [7–9] etc. were reported to obtain these films. Among these, reactive evaporation is a technique which is characterized by a simple deposition apparatus and process as compared to that of ionized particles. In the present investigation an attempt was made to prepare indium tin oxide films by the reactive evaporation of indium-tin (10 at. %) alloy in the presence of a partial pressure of oxygen, the electrical and optical properties was systematically studied and the results are reported and discussed.
NMR Spectroscopy of Bulk Oxide Catalysts
Published in Alexis T. Bell, Alexander Pines, NMR Techniques in Catalysis, 2020
Tin oxide-based materials are potent oxidation and isomerization catalysts. Their bulk and surface properties, as well as their presumed mechanism in oxidation catalysis, have been reviewed [53]. Considerable uncertainty remains concerning the phase compositions, solid-solution range, and the redox behavior (Sn2 + / Sn4+ vs. Sb3 + /Sb5 +) of these materials. Structural investigations have so far concentrated on the use of 119Sn and 121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy. Surprisingly, no 119Sn solid-state NMR studies have appeared to date on this system, although it was recently demonstrated that isotropic ll9Sn chemical shifts and chemical shift anisotropies give characteristic fingerprints of the various tin coordination environments in Sn(IV) oxide compounds [54]. In situ 13C NMR has been used to study the double bond shift of 1-butene to cis-2-butene, and the subsequent cis-trans isomerization over tin antimony oxide catalysts [55].
Multicomponent Nanoparticles for Novel Technologies
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
M. Tchaplyguine, M.-H. Mikkelä, O. Björneholm
As discussed above in the section on tin-oxide nanoparticles, there are two stable forms of tin oxides: SnO2 and SnO. The former is a natural n-type semiconductor, and the latter is a p-type semiconductor [96,97]. The metastable nonstoichiometric oxides, such as Sn2O3 and Sn3O4 [74], have been reported to be also p-type semiconductors [98,99]. P-type metal-oxide semiconductors are still few and far from responding to industrial demands—due to the too low charge mobility in comparison with the n-type metal oxides. This is also why a broad investigation of different materials is going on in an attempt to create all-oxide thin film transistors (TFTs). As usual the clue to the progress is in the skills to fabricate nanostructures of different controlled compositions leading to desirable properties. Doping of p-type compounds with manganese can, in principle, not only change the type of conductivity but also increase the gap (as for SnO2[95]) and make them optically transparent, what may be a demand in electronics.
Low temperature detection of ammonia vapor based on Al-doped SnO2 nanowires prepared by thermal evaporation technique
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2018
Tin oxide (SnO2) is a very important n-type semiconductor (Eg ~ 3.6 eV) material for detecting reducing gases owing to its fast and efficient chemical reactivity to various gases (CH4, CO, NH3, etc.) in air, superior chemical stability, non-toxicity, and affordable cost.
Optical and electrical properties of pure and doped tin oxide nanoparticles
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
T. Amutha, M. Rameshbabu, E. Manikandan, S. Sasi Florence, I. Vetha Potheher, K. Prabha
Industries are facing major problem for the design and development of modern device fabrication using nanostructured materials with high efficient optical and electrical characteristics. Enhancing the optical and electrical characteristics by modifying the structure of the materials will help to develop the novel smart materials for various technological innovations (Zou et al. 2013, 804; Casati et al. 2014, 102). Researchers developed various methods and instrumentation to produce different nanostructured materials with controlled morphology and size. The major aim and scope of the development of nanoparticle are to synthesis the materials with better physico-chemical properties compared to bulk size. Nanostructured metal oxides has potential to act as best catalysis, surface coatings for anti-corrosion, fabrication of piezoelectric sensors, microelectronic circuits, and fuel cells (Fernandez-Garcia et al. 2004, 4063). Among them tin oxide (SnO2) belongs to semiconductor material with electron as majority charge carrier, having 3.6 eV as direct band gap energy at 300 K. Because of negligible absorption in visible region and very less resistivity, the material can be utilized as electrode in modern electronic devices like lithium-ion batteries, flat panel displays, solar cells (Maddalena et al. 1990, 365; Kim et al 1999, 155; Lewis and Paine 2000, 22). Since, SnO2 can change its conducting property by absorbing gas molecules, it can be widely used as gas sensor (Batzill and Diebold 2005, 47; Ponce et al. 2008, 54907). Researchers reported micro- and nanostructured SnO2 NPs with different morphologies like mesoporous, nanoflowers, nanobelts, hollow microspheres, nanorods, nanowhiskers, and nanowires (Chen and Gao 2004, 137; Huang et al. 2006, 3668; Andrei et al. 2007, 226; Xi et al. 2008, 232; Li et al. 2009, 74) using different experimental methods. There are various methods including molten-salt synthesis (Wang, Chu, and Gong 2006, 183), chemical precipitation (Xi et al. 2008, 232), sonochemical (Luo, Ying-Ji, and Shi-Wei 2004, 421), carbothermal reduction (Thanasanvorakun et al. 2008, 1127), sol-gel (Kőrösi et al. 2005, 147), hydrothermal method (Thanasanvorakun et al. 2008, 1127), microwave technique (Krishnakumar et al. 2009, 896), R.F. sputtering (Ma et al. 2002, 313), etc. have also been used to synthesis the nanostructured SnO2.