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Applications of Natural Fibers–Reinforced Composites (II)
Published in Shishir Sinha, G. L. Devnani, Natural Fiber Composites, 2022
Dharam Pal, Manash Protim Mudoi, Santosh bahadur Singh, Shishir Sinha
Another trend in packaging material is the development of active packages, which can actively alter the inside conditions of the package to keep the stored material's life and quality preserved. Food products are protected from bioterrorism and pathogens by using active packaging systems extending the shelf life (Han, 2014). This helps in the convenient distribution, consumption, retailing, and processing of food items. Many technologies related to active packaging are commercialized, and the food industry uses them for various applications. Antimicrobial, CO2 absorbing, O2 scavenging, and moisture scavenging systems are also incorporated in food packaging applications. Another class of active packaging has the ability to release substances, which can protect the food from microorganisms. Using natural fibers, antimicrobial agents (essential oils, lysozyme, and herbs) and antioxidant agents (thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol)) as fillers with polymeric matrix extend the shelf life and quality of the stored material (Tawakkal et al., 2017). Apart from antioxidant activity, thymol shows antimicrobial activity also against yeast, fungi, mold, and bacteria. Tawakkal et al. (2017) studied the antibacterial activity of thymol against E.coli in PLA/kenaf fiber composite films. The authors observed a reduced E. coli population on chicken slices with the addition of thymol in composite films. Some natural fibers (flax, hemp, bamboo, kapok) are inherently antimicrobial (Borsa, 2012).
Thymol Based Nanoemulsions
Published in Ramesh Raliya, Nanoscale Engineering in Agricultural Management, 2019
Sarita Kumari, R.V. Kumara Swamy, Ram Chandra Choudhary, Savita Budhwar, Ajay Pal, Ramesh Raliya, Pratim Biswas, Vinod Saharan
Strong antimicrobial activity of thymol makes this molecule a very voluble compound to be used in various products and processes related to human use. Thus, thymol has been exploited in daily use products, like mouth wash, tooth paste and other pharmaceutical products. With the advancement of process and extraction technology, the thymol becomes comparatively economical to other plant essential oil components (EOCs). Hence, we foresee that thymol could be exploited in agriculture for crop disease management. With the use of nanotechnology, thymol can be easily exploited in nanoscale for many more applications in the agricultural field. Translation of thymol into thymol nanoformulation can enhance its use efficacy and use in lower concentrations. Development of thymol nanoemulsion-based delivery system is an innovative, novel, forthcoming and eco-friendly approach for various compounds of agricultural importance, like micronutrients, vitamins, food preservatives, etc. Thymol has GdAS food ingredient status, thus, it could be applied and used in food crops, particularly in postharvest for controlling fruit decay and as natural food preservative. Overall, thymol-based nanoemulsions open up a new avenue for development of bio-based carrier for delivery of bioactive compounds/agrochemicals for their efficient use in agriculture. Nanoemulsion could be an alternative to synthetic agrochemicals as an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture and protection of the biosphere.
Toxicity of Terpenoids in Human Health
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Ritobrata Goswami, Dijendra Nath Roy
Thymol is another example of natural monoterpenoid. Thymol is used as an antiseptic for treating ringworm and hookworm infections. Thymol can act as an irritant. When administered in Caco-2 cell lines, 37.55 µg/mL thymol did not cause DNA damage; however, at 100 µg/mL, thymol caused cytotoxicity in both normal and tumour cells (Melo et al. 2014). In HepG2 cells, thymol has shown anti-oxidative properties (Horvathova et al. 2014). Gut, muscle and liver tissues of thyme-fed broiler chickens showed the presence of thymol, the active component of the herb thyme. (Haselmeyer et al. 2015). In a similar study, pigs were fed thymol before they were slaughtered. Thymol was found to up-regulate the expression of calpain 9, peptide transporter 1 and somatostatin in oxyntic and pyloric mucosa (Colombo et al. 2014). In MDCK cells, thymol increased the concentration of calcium in a dose-dependent fashion; however, inhibitors such as nifedipine and econazole were able to prevent the thymol-induced entry of calcium into the cells (Chang et al. 2014).
Thymol Reduces Hepatorenal Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Caspase-3#xd; Activation in Rats Exposed to Indomethacin
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Tijani Abiola Stephanie, Olori O. David, Ebenezer O. Farombi
Thymol (THY) is a monoterpene phenolic compound found in some plants belonging to the Lamiaceae (Thymus, Ocimum, Origanum, and Monarda genera) and many others including those belonging to the Apiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, and Ranunculaceae families [10,11]. Thymol has antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiapoptotic, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, radioprotective anti-ulcerogenic, neuroprotective, renoprotective, activities [12–17].
Vapour–liquid coexistence of natural phenolic monoterpenoid, thymol: comparison with structural isomer, carvacrol
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Madakashira Harini, Suryadip Bhattacharjee, Jhumpa Adhikari
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl phenol) is a natural product found in essential oil extracts obtained from plants of the Lamiaceae family and from other species including Trachyspermum ammi which is native to India [1,2]. Thymol is a phenol derivative of p-cymene and in the biosynthesis of thymol, p-cymene is an intermediate. It is a structural isomer of carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol) and differs from carvacrol in the position of the hydroxyl group relative to the methyl and isopropyl groups, influencing the flexibility of the hydroxyl group [3]. We have previously studied the vapour–liquid coexistence behaviour of both p-cymene [4] and carvacrol [5] using molecular simulation techniques. Thymol is known to have medicinal properties and finds use as an anti-oxidant and as a local anaesthetic. Thymol also has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-septic and anti-fungal properties as well as beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system [6]. These properties as well as the anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties of thymol also lead to its potential use in the treatment of human diseases [1,3,7–11]. As there is no associated health risk for this natural product, thymol has been employed as a safe flavouring agent and food additive [12,13]; and in commercial mosquito repellents [14] as it is a natural insecticide. Given the importance of this molecule, in this work, we aim to study the vapour–liquid coexistence behaviour of this beneficial natural product as the data reported in literature is limited to vapour pressures at relatively low temperatures, normal boiling point, latent heats of vapourisation over the temperature range 352–473 K and the critical temperature [15]. The saturation densities of the coexisting vapour and liquid phases as well as other vapour – liquid equilibria data (such as vapour pressures, latent heats of vapourisation) at elevated temperatures and consequently, estimates of the critical point pressure and density are not reported in literature to the best of our knowledge.