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Innovation and Challenges in the Development of Functional and Medicinal Beverages
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Zanariah Hashim, Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh, Eraricar Salleh
Beverages loaded with stimulant drugs such as caffeine are well known as an energy drink and often targeted to young people aged within 21 and 35 years to provide mental and physical stimulation [41]. According to Duncan and Hankey [48], more than 40% of athletes consume energy drinks to boost their athletic performance. Besides caffeine, vitamin B complex and taurine are the most common ingredients for such a product. Taurine, can be found naturally in breast milk, meat and fish is an amino acid that can be obtained naturally in the body. Several investigations found that supplementation with taurine could enhance athletic performance whereas when mixed with caffeine could enhance mental performance [140]. Examples of commercialized energy drinks are Red Bull® (Red Bull GmbH, Austria), Monster Energy® (Hansen Natural Corp., U.S.A.), and Full Throttle® (Coca-Cola Co., U.S.A.) [41].
The effects of taurine ingestion on anaerobic and physiological performance in female rugby players
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2023
Azize Bingöl Diedhiou, Zoran Milanović, Mustafa Can Eser, Fatma Neşe Şahin, Michael Hamlin, Ulaş Can Yıldırım
Taurine supplementation depends on many factors, such as doses, taurine ingestion timing, exercise protocol or type of delivery (Kurtz et al., 2021). In this vein, dosage is one of the major factors which can determine the effects of taurine on athletes’ performance. Previously, researchers were mainly focused on aerobic capacity in male participants and found that a single dose of taurine (1000–1600 mg) prior to exercise had negligible effects on 3 km time trial running time (Balshaw et al., 2013) and 4 km time trial cycling performance (Rutherford et al., 2010; Ward et al., 2016). In contrast, Zhang et al. (2004) have reported improved aerobic performance after taking a daily dose of 6 g per day for 1 week in healthy young men. In line with that, recent meta-analysed effects of taurine on aerobic performance, mainly focused on male individual sport disciplines or recreational participants, showed no statistically significant effects on total aerobic performance and time to exhaustion, respectively (Buzdaglı et al., 2022). However, previous studies investigated the effects of only one dose, while studies comparing the effects of different dosages, especially in female athletes, are rare. In addition, the lack of studies on high-performance female athletes limits the ability to apply research findings to the real world and consequently practitioners are often failing to maximize the performance potential of females because applying findings observed on male athletes to female athletes may be erroneous (Emmonds et al., 2019).
Evaluation of DNA intercalation study and biological profile of a series of Schiff base metal(II) complexes derived from amino acid
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Chandrasekar Thiravidamani, Nazia Tarannum
The role of coordination compounds in life science[14] is vital. The complexion of metals with medications has been evidenced.[15] The metal drug complexes have enhanced effectiveness than the organic based medication due to resistivity of organic drugs. In most anticancer and antiviral therapies, the key target is DNA which is an essential cellular receptor. Anticancer drugs change the replication of DNA by binding with it and inhibiting the growth of the cancer cell.[10] Taurine (+NH3CH2CH2SO3-) is a low molecular weight amino acid and an analogue of ß-alanine that plays vigorous role in pharmacological activities like cardiovascular, osmoregulation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory.[16]
Physiological and thermoregulatory effects of oral taurine supplementation on exercise tolerance during forced convective cooling
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Richard Simmonds, James Cole, Jamie Tallent, Owen Jeffries, Nicola Theis, Mark Waldron
The sulphur-based amino acid, taurine, is found in abundance in human tissue, with comparatively high concentrations found in excitable cells of skeletal muscles and neurons (Huxtable, 1992). Taurine has been shown to facilitate skeletal muscle contractility and fatigue resistance by increasing Ca2+ uptake from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, as well as improving the sensitivity of contractile filaments to the presence of Ca2+ (Bakker & Berg, 2002; Hamilton, Berg, Easton, & Bakker, 2006). Taurine is also found in higher concentrations in type I compared to type II muscle fibres (Harris, Dunnett, & Greenhaff, 1998). Here, it acts as a buffer to maintain the mitochondrial pH across the inner membrane, thus enhancing efficiency of oxidative metabolism (Hansen, Andersen, Cornett, Gradinaru, & Grunnet, 2010). Others have reported an anti-oxidative effect of taurine supplementation and corresponding increases in aerobic capacity (Zhang, Izumi, Kagamimori, Sokejima, & Yamagami, 2004). These potential effects on muscle contractility and oxidative efficiency or capacity might explain the ergogenic effects elicited by oral taurine supplementation in humans, leading to improvements in maximal muscle force production (Lim, Singh, Leow, Arthur, & Fournier, 2018), endurance (Balshaw, Bampouras, Barry, & Sparks, 2013; Waldron, Knight, Tallent, Patterson, & Jeffries, 2018; Waldron, Patterson, Tallent, & Jeffries, 2018b), or intermittent performance (Warnock, Jeffries, Patterson, & Waldron, 2017), as well as improved exercise efficiency (Paulucio et al., 2017). Indeed, despite some studies demonstrating no overall performance effects of taurine supplementation, the reported increases in fat oxidation rates have indicated enhanced metabolic efficiency and potential for glycogen sparing (De Carvalho et al., 2018; Rutherford, Spriet, & Stellingwerff, 2010). These effects could be more noticeable in environments where metabolic demand and glycogen utilisation are increased, such as during cold exposure (Jacobs, Romet, & Kerrigan-Brown, 1985; Martineau & Jacobs, 1988).